Week 10 Humanistic Approach Flashcards
Before the humanistic approach emerged. In the 20th century, what were the two majors views of humanity present?
Freudian and Behaviourism
The _________ approach is also know as existential or phenomenological psychology
humanistic
A key distinction between the ________ approach and others is that people are assumed to be largely responsible for their actions
Humanistic
what is the big difference of the Humanistic approach?
people are assumed to be largely responsible for their actions
Existential ______- the feelings of dread and panic that follow the realisation that there is no meaning to one’s life
Anxiety
The four elements of Humanistic Approach
- An emphasis on personal __________
- An emphasis on the “____ and ____”
- A Focus on the experience of the individual
- An emphasis on personal growth
responsibility ; here/now
The four elements of Humanistic Approach
- An emphasis on personal responsibility
- An emphasis on the “here and now”
- A Focus on the _______ of the individual
- An emphasis on personal ______
experience; growth
According to the Humanistic Approach, All of our behaviours represent personal ______
choice
The Humanistic view says we need not be victims of our _____
past
Happiness requires we grow in a positive _______
direction
While Maslow used the term Self-Actualisation, Rogers used the term fully _________
functioning
Rogers stated that ______ is the result of coming into contact with information that is inconsistent with the way we think of ourselves
anxiety
Rogers proposed we initially process information a level below consciousness, a process called ________
Subception
Rogers states that most of us grow up in an atmosphere of ________ Positive Regard
Conditional
What is the antedote to conditional positive regard?
Unconditional positive regard
Explain Conditional positive regard in children and its effects
……
What were the two types of motives identified my Maslow?
Deficiency Motives; Growth needs
What are Deficiency motives?
result from a lack of some needed object; satisfied when obtained
What are Growth Needs?
satisfied by expressing the motive; giving selflessly, growing self
The Hierarchy of ______ identifies _ basic categories of needs
Needs; 5
Explain how the hierarchy of needs is a hierarchy of prominence
some of our unsatisfied needs demand our attention more than others
1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Needs 2 Safety Needs 3 Belongingness and \_\_\_\_ needs 4 Esteem Needs 5 Need for Self-Acualisation
Physiological; Love
1 Physiological Needs 2 \_\_\_\_\_ Needs 3 Belongingness and Love needs 4 \_\_\_\_\_ Needs 5 Need for Self-Acualisation
Safety; Esteem
1 Physiological Needs 2 Safety Needs 3 Belongingness and Love needs 4 Esteem Needs 5 Need for \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Self-Acualisation
What are the two types of love identified by Maslow?
RogersD-love; B-Love
Most behaviour is the result of multiple ________
motivations
Maslow used ‘______ analysis’ over statistical analysis
holistic
What is holistic analysis?
Gathering all the information and coming to a subjective conclusion
Do all self-actualised individuals have peak experiences?
No; There are peakers and non-peakers
Csikszentmihalyi stated Optimal Experience: moments where individuals are caught up in an experience that requires all their attention, and nothing else matters. This is also known as ____
flow
Csikszentmihalyi stated that there are how many components to optimal experience?
8
Flow experiences are much more likely to happen at _____ then leisure activities
work
What does the therapist do in client centred therapy?
The therapist provides an atmosphere where the clients are able to help understand themselves
Who is responsible for change in CCT?
]Clients are responsible for changing themselves
Who created CCT?
Carl Rogers
What is CCT?
Client Centered therapy
Euphychian _________: rearranging an organisation to help employees satisfy higher level needs
Management
The _-___ is a valid and reliable way to test the effectiveness of psychotherapy
Q-sort
Explain the Q-sort test?
100 cards, Self discription, twice, normal distribution
People engage in ___-________ when they reveal intimate information about themselves to another person
Self-Disclosure
A therapeutic relationship is not one-sided, Rogers maintained that appropriate ___-_______ by the therapist is beneficial
self-disclosure
The way we reveal information about ourselves is governed by a set of unstated but understood _____
rules
A social rule called ______ _________ is when people involved in a get-acquainted conversation reveal information about themselves at roughly the same level of intimacy
Disclosure Reciprocity
What is Disclosure Reciprocity?
It is when people involved in a get-acquainted conversation reveal information about themselves at roughly the same level of intimacy
The Reciprocity rule does not always apply to close ______
Friends
Willingness to self-disclose is also related to how easily one makes ______
friends
Can loneliness contribute to physical illness?
Yes
________ is not the same as isolation
Loneliness
________ is our perception of how much social interaction we have and the quality of that interaction
Loneliness
Is loneliness a fairly stable personality trait?
Yes
What are the two characteristics of lonely people?
Negative Expectations ; Poorly Developed Social Skills
A central goal of ________ psychotherapy is to get clients to accept and appreciate themselves for who they are
Rogerian
Humanistic personality theory is concerned with the individual’s ___-______
self-esteem
___-______ is the cumulation of what you see as your personal characteristics
Self-Concept
___-_____ refers to your evaluation of your self-concept
Self-Esteem
How we respond to failure often depends on our level of what?
self-esteem
High self-esteem people develop personal _______ for blunting the effects of negative feedback
strategies
What is Global Self-Esteem?
: the overall evaluation we have about ourselves
The overall evaluation of ourselves is called what?
Global Self-Esteem
How many steps are there in the process of Global Self-Esteem?
2
_______ of Self-Worth refers to areas we use to evaluate ourselves (specific domains)
Contingencies
Is the meaning of self-esteem different between individualistic and collectivist cultures?
Yes
Maslow found for self-actualised people that large amounts of _______ can actually be a positive behaviour
solitude
What method do investigators use to determine how often we spend time by ourselves?
The Experience Sampling Method
Solitude becomes a more common experience as we ___
age
Some writes have referred to _______ as “self-restoration’ process in which we re-establish a sense of who we are separate from the ‘social’ self we present to others
solitude
What are the assumptions of the Humanistic perspective?
(1) personal responsibility (2) Living in the present (3) phenomenology of individual (4) Personal growth trajectory (5) Uniqueness of self
In ________ psychology, YOU have the power to shape your own life and YOU are ultimately responsible for what happens
humanistic
___________: subjective experience of the individual
Phenomenology
P____________ has important use in humanistic therapy
Phenomenology
In therapy, ____ learn how to help yourself (therapist as the facilitator)
YOU
According to Maslow’ theory, we are motivated by two types of motives:
1. _________ motives:
• Basic needs which we are driven to satisfy
• Once satisfied, these motives will cease to direct our behaviour (food, water)
2. _______ needs:
• These needs are sometimes referred to ______ motives or (B-motives)
Satisfaction of these needs can actually motivate us further to achieve them (unselfish love, thirst for knowledge
Deficiency; Growth; being
What are the two needs we are motivated by according to Maslow?
Deficiency and growth (being needs)
______________: the ability to become whatever you are capable of becoming
Self-actualisation
Name the Hierarchy of needs from bottom to top
(5) Physiological (4) Safety (3) Belonging-love (2) Self-esteem (1) Self-actualisation
Name the Hierarchy of needs from bottom to top
(5) Physiological (4) Safety (3) Belonging-love (2) Self-esteem (1) Self-actualisation
Name the Hierarchy of needs from bottom to top
(5) Physiological (4) Safety (3) Belonging-love (2) Self-esteem (1) Self-actualisation
Maslow later added ___________ (which focuses on mystical; spiritual) to his Heirarchy
transcendence
You are more psychologically healthy the closer you are to what? (According to Maslow)
Self-Actualisation
How did Maslow research his hierarchy ?
Case studies, studied famous people, all sorts of methods
Name some of the characteristics of self-actualisers
Characteristics of self-actualisers • Accepting • Spontaneous • Problem-centred • Independent and autonomous • Freshness or appreciation • Identity with humanity (Oceanic) • Deep ties with few people • Appreciate process • Philosophical sense of humour • Creativity and inventiveness • Strong
Name some of the characteristics of self-actualisers
Characteristics of self-actualisers • Accepting • Spontaneous • Problem-centred • Independent and autonomous • Freshness or appreciation • Identity with humanity (Oceanic) • Deep ties with few people • Appreciate process • Philosophical sense of humour • Creativity and inventiveness • Strong
Name some of the characteristics of self-actualisers
Characteristics of self-actualisers • Accepting • Spontaneous • Problem-centred • Independent and autonomous • Freshness or appreciation • Identity with humanity (Oceanic) • Deep ties with few people • Appreciate process • Philosophical sense of humour • Creativity and inventiveness • Strong
Self-actualisers are more likely to engage in _____ ________: which includes being accepting of oneself and feeling connected with the world (non-judgemental)
being conjunction
Is self-actualisation a constant state?
No
The self-actualising form of cognition occurs when having ___ _______
peak experiences
Maslow used interviews, observations, biographical studies, self-report questionnaires and projective tests to “measure” ____ - __________
self-actualisation
In Maslow’s theory If needs are not being met, an individual cannot be __________ _______
psychologically healthy
The lower the needs in the hierarchy which is yet to be satisfied, the poorer the _______ wellbeing
mental
Was rogers or maslows therapeutic technique eclectic
Maslow
Where you could apply Maslow’s theory?
Education; Work: Job motivation and Eupsychian management (where everyone is trusted)
What is Optimal experience?
An experience one is COMPLETELY engaged in which is truly enjoyable
Csikszentmihalyi termed such experiences optimal experiences or _____
flow
Name some of the Flow characteristics
The 8 characteristics of Optimal Experiences
- Attention is completely absorbed
- Activity has clear goals
- Activity is challenging, but not so difficult that meaningful progress cannot be achieved
- Concentration is centred only on the task
- Individual feels in control
- Loss of self-consciousness
- Feedback is available
- Time passes very quickly
According to Rogers when one reaches an optimal sense of satisfaction, they are seen to be _____ _______ :
fully functioning
An individual who has:
• High self-esteem and self-acceptance
• Accept mistakes and learn from them
• Make choices consistent with their values and interests
• Experience feelings more deeply and intensely than others
Are: ________ ___________ ; According to who?
Fully functioning; Rogers
___-_______ : who we are, but based on how others have evaluated us
Self-concept
Real ____________ self: the individual we are capable of being if we have ideal developmental experiences
organismic
If there is a discrepancy between self-concept and ideal self …this equals what?
Anxiety
________ according to who? refers to keep anxious thoughts out of consciousness
Subception; Rogers
As we grow, we develop _______ of ______: the positive regard we need to thrive is dependent on how we behave
conditions of worth
According to Rogers, the main factor in determining when we will become self-actualised is our __________ experiences
childhood
According to Rogers for optimal development (self-actualisation), we need to experience ________ _______ _________:
unconditional positive regard
The more conditions of worth we have within our self-concept, the poorer the __________ __________
psychological health
The goal of therapy, according to ________ model, is to enable the client to help themselves to become more self-accepting
Rogers
_______ Person Centred Therapy
• Providing an atmosphere for the client to help themselves
• Reflection is often used
Rogers’
Six core conditions of counselling are needed:
- The client and the therapist must be in __________ contact (it must get deep)
- The client is in a state of ____________ (there is something wrong)
- Therapist is congruent in the relationship (the therapist is genuine)
- The therapist has unconditional positive regard and empathy
- Empathetic understanding
- Client perceives the unconditional positive regard and empathy
psychological; incongruence
• Six core conditions of counselling are needed:
- The client and the therapist must be in psychological contact (it must get deep)
- The client is in a state of incongruence (there is something wrong)
- Therapist is _________ in the relationship (the therapist is genuine)
- The therapist has _______ _________ _________ and empathy
- Empathetic understanding
- Client perceives the unconditional positive regard and empathy
congruent; unconditional positive regard
• Six core conditions of counselling are needed:
- The client and the therapist must be in psychological contact (it must get deep)
- The client is in a state of incongruence (there is something wrong)
- Therapist is congruent in the relationship (the therapist is genuine)
- The therapist has unconditional positive regard and empathy
- ___________ understanding
- Client __________ the unconditional positive regard and empathy
Empathetic; perceives
What assessment was developed to assess efficacy of person centred therapy?
Q-Sort task
What humanistic assessment allows examination of discrepancies between the client’s image of self (Real self) and ideal self
Q-sort
What are the assumptions of the humanistic approach?
Personal responsibility; Here and now; phenomenology of the individual; personal change and growth; holistic view
__________ means subjective experience of an individual
phenomenology
Are “being cognitions” constant?
No
______ ________ include being accepting of oneself and feeling connected to the world
Being Cognitions
Name some characteristics of a self-actualised person
Spontaneous, creative, indépendant, problem-centred; deep ties with others; accepting
The real _______ self: the individual we are capable of being if we have ideal developmental experiences
organismic
When is there anxiety according to Rogers?
When there is a discrepancy between self-concept and ideal self
_______ of _______: the positive regard we need to thrive is dependant on how we behave
Conditions of Worth
What is the goal of client centred therapy?
Removing conditions of worth from an individual
The more conditions of worth, the ________ psychological health
poorer
Six core conditions of counselling according to Rogers
- The client and therapists must be in psychological ________
- The client is in a state of ___________
- The therapist is ________ in the relationship
- Therapist has unconditional postive regard for client
- Empathetic understanding
- Client perceives the unconditional positive regard and _______
contact; incongruence; congruent; empathy
