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Personality and Individual Differences > Week 10 Humanistic Approach > Flashcards

Week 10 Humanistic Approach Flashcards

1
Q

Before the humanistic approach emerged. In the 20th century, what were the two majors views of humanity present?

A

Freudian and Behaviourism

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2
Q

The _________ approach is also know as existential or phenomenological psychology

A

humanistic

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3
Q

A key distinction between the ________ approach and others is that people are assumed to be largely responsible for their actions

A

Humanistic

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4
Q

what is the big difference of the Humanistic approach?

A

people are assumed to be largely responsible for their actions

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5
Q

Existential ______- the feelings of dread and panic that follow the realisation that there is no meaning to one’s life

A

Anxiety

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6
Q

The four elements of Humanistic Approach

  1. An emphasis on personal __________
  2. An emphasis on the “____ and ____”
  3. A Focus on the experience of the individual
  4. An emphasis on personal growth
A

responsibility ; here/now

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7
Q

The four elements of Humanistic Approach

  1. An emphasis on personal responsibility
  2. An emphasis on the “here and now”
  3. A Focus on the _______ of the individual
  4. An emphasis on personal ______
A

experience; growth

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8
Q

According to the Humanistic Approach, All of our behaviours represent personal ______

A

choice

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9
Q

The Humanistic view says we need not be victims of our _____

A

past

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10
Q

Happiness requires we grow in a positive _______

A

direction

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11
Q

While Maslow used the term Self-Actualisation, Rogers used the term fully _________

A

functioning

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12
Q

Rogers stated that ______ is the result of coming into contact with information that is inconsistent with the way we think of ourselves

A

anxiety

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13
Q

Rogers proposed we initially process information a level below consciousness, a process called ________

A

Subception

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14
Q

Rogers states that most of us grow up in an atmosphere of ________ Positive Regard

A

Conditional

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15
Q

What is the antedote to conditional positive regard?

A

Unconditional positive regard

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16
Q

Explain Conditional positive regard in children and its effects

A

……

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17
Q

What were the two types of motives identified my Maslow?

A

Deficiency Motives; Growth needs

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18
Q

What are Deficiency motives?

A

result from a lack of some needed object; satisfied when obtained

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19
Q

What are Growth Needs?

A

satisfied by expressing the motive; giving selflessly, growing self

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20
Q

The Hierarchy of ______ identifies _ basic categories of needs

A

Needs; 5

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21
Q

Explain how the hierarchy of needs is a hierarchy of prominence

A

some of our unsatisfied needs demand our attention more than others

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22
Q 
1 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Needs
2 Safety Needs
3 Belongingness and \_\_\_\_ needs
4 Esteem Needs
5 Need for Self-Acualisation
A

Physiological; Love

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23
Q 
1 Physiological Needs
2 \_\_\_\_\_ Needs
3 Belongingness and Love needs
4 \_\_\_\_\_ Needs
5 Need for Self-Acualisation
A

Safety; Esteem

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24
Q 
1 Physiological Needs
2 Safety Needs
3 Belongingness and Love needs
4 Esteem Needs
5 Need for \_\_\_\_-\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

Self-Acualisation

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25
Q

What are the two types of love identified by Maslow?

A

RogersD-love; B-Love

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26
Q

Most behaviour is the result of multiple ________

A

motivations

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27
Q

Maslow used ‘______ analysis’ over statistical analysis

A

holistic

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28
Q

What is holistic analysis?

A

Gathering all the information and coming to a subjective conclusion

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29
Q

Do all self-actualised individuals have peak experiences?

A

No; There are peakers and non-peakers

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30
Q

Csikszentmihalyi stated Optimal Experience: moments where individuals are caught up in an experience that requires all their attention, and nothing else matters. This is also known as ____

A

flow

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31
Q

Csikszentmihalyi stated that there are how many components to optimal experience?

A

8

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32
Q

Flow experiences are much more likely to happen at _____ then leisure activities

A

work

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33
Q

What does the therapist do in client centred therapy?

A

The therapist provides an atmosphere where the clients are able to help understand themselves

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34
Q

Who is responsible for change in CCT?

A

]Clients are responsible for changing themselves

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35
Q

Who created CCT?

A

Carl Rogers

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36
Q

What is CCT?

A

Client Centered therapy

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37
Q

Euphychian _________: rearranging an organisation to help employees satisfy higher level needs

A

Management

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38
Q

The _-___ is a valid and reliable way to test the effectiveness of psychotherapy

A

Q-sort

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39
Q

Explain the Q-sort test?

A

100 cards, Self discription, twice, normal distribution

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40
Q

People engage in ___-________ when they reveal intimate information about themselves to another person

A

Self-Disclosure

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41
Q

A therapeutic relationship is not one-sided, Rogers maintained that appropriate ___-_______ by the therapist is beneficial

A

self-disclosure

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42
Q

The way we reveal information about ourselves is governed by a set of unstated but understood _____

A

rules

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43
Q

A social rule called ______ _________ is when people involved in a get-acquainted conversation reveal information about themselves at roughly the same level of intimacy

A

Disclosure Reciprocity

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44
Q

What is Disclosure Reciprocity?

A

It is when people involved in a get-acquainted conversation reveal information about themselves at roughly the same level of intimacy

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45
Q

The Reciprocity rule does not always apply to close ______

A

Friends

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46
Q

Willingness to self-disclose is also related to how easily one makes ______

A

friends

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47
Q

Can loneliness contribute to physical illness?

A

Yes

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48
Q

________ is not the same as isolation

A

Loneliness

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49
Q

________ is our perception of how much social interaction we have and the quality of that interaction

A

Loneliness

50
Q

Is loneliness a fairly stable personality trait?

A

Yes

51
Q

What are the two characteristics of lonely people?

A

Negative Expectations ; Poorly Developed Social Skills

52
Q

A central goal of ________ psychotherapy is to get clients to accept and appreciate themselves for who they are

A

Rogerian

53
Q

Humanistic personality theory is concerned with the individual’s ___-______

A

self-esteem

54
Q

___-______ is the cumulation of what you see as your personal characteristics

A

Self-Concept

55
Q

___-_____ refers to your evaluation of your self-concept

A

Self-Esteem

56
Q

How we respond to failure often depends on our level of what?

A

self-esteem

57
Q

High self-esteem people develop personal _______ for blunting the effects of negative feedback

A

strategies

58
Q

What is Global Self-Esteem?

A

: the overall evaluation we have about ourselves

59
Q

The overall evaluation of ourselves is called what?

A

Global Self-Esteem

60
Q

How many steps are there in the process of Global Self-Esteem?

A

2

61
Q

_______ of Self-Worth refers to areas we use to evaluate ourselves (specific domains)

A

Contingencies

62
Q

Is the meaning of self-esteem different between individualistic and collectivist cultures?

A

Yes

63
Q

Maslow found for self-actualised people that large amounts of _______ can actually be a positive behaviour

A

solitude

64
Q

What method do investigators use to determine how often we spend time by ourselves?

A

The Experience Sampling Method

65
Q

Solitude becomes a more common experience as we ___

A

age

66
Q

Some writes have referred to _______ as “self-restoration’ process in which we re-establish a sense of who we are separate from the ‘social’ self we present to others

A

solitude

67
Q

What are the assumptions of the Humanistic perspective?

A

(1) personal responsibility (2) Living in the present (3) phenomenology of individual (4) Personal growth trajectory (5) Uniqueness of self

68
Q

In ________ psychology, YOU have the power to shape your own life and YOU are ultimately responsible for what happens

A

humanistic

69
Q

___________: subjective experience of the individual

A

Phenomenology

70
Q

P____________ has important use in humanistic therapy

A

Phenomenology

71
Q

In therapy, ____ learn how to help yourself (therapist as the facilitator)

A

YOU

72
Q

According to Maslow’ theory, we are motivated by two types of motives:
1. _________ motives:
• Basic needs which we are driven to satisfy
• Once satisfied, these motives will cease to direct our behaviour (food, water)
2. _______ needs:
• These needs are sometimes referred to ______ motives or (B-motives)
Satisfaction of these needs can actually motivate us further to achieve them (unselfish love, thirst for knowledge

A

Deficiency; Growth; being

73
Q

What are the two needs we are motivated by according to Maslow?

A

Deficiency and growth (being needs)

74
Q

______________: the ability to become whatever you are capable of becoming

A

Self-actualisation

75
Q

Name the Hierarchy of needs from bottom to top

A

(5) Physiological (4) Safety (3) Belonging-love (2) Self-esteem (1) Self-actualisation

76
Q

Name the Hierarchy of needs from bottom to top

A

(5) Physiological (4) Safety (3) Belonging-love (2) Self-esteem (1) Self-actualisation

77
Q

Name the Hierarchy of needs from bottom to top

A

(5) Physiological (4) Safety (3) Belonging-love (2) Self-esteem (1) Self-actualisation

78
Q

Maslow later added ___________ (which focuses on mystical; spiritual) to his Heirarchy

A

transcendence

79
Q

You are more psychologically healthy the closer you are to what? (According to Maslow)

A

Self-Actualisation

80
Q

How did Maslow research his hierarchy ?

A

Case studies, studied famous people, all sorts of methods

81
Q

Name some of the characteristics of self-actualisers

A 
Characteristics of self-actualisers
•	Accepting 
•	Spontaneous
•	Problem-centred
•	Independent and autonomous
•	Freshness or appreciation
•	Identity with humanity (Oceanic) 
•	Deep ties with few people
•	Appreciate process
•	Philosophical sense of humour
•	Creativity and inventiveness 
•	Strong
82
Q

Name some of the characteristics of self-actualisers

A 
Characteristics of self-actualisers
•	Accepting 
•	Spontaneous
•	Problem-centred
•	Independent and autonomous
•	Freshness or appreciation
•	Identity with humanity (Oceanic) 
•	Deep ties with few people
•	Appreciate process
•	Philosophical sense of humour
•	Creativity and inventiveness 
•	Strong
83
Q

Name some of the characteristics of self-actualisers

A 
Characteristics of self-actualisers
•	Accepting 
•	Spontaneous
•	Problem-centred
•	Independent and autonomous
•	Freshness or appreciation
•	Identity with humanity (Oceanic) 
•	Deep ties with few people
•	Appreciate process
•	Philosophical sense of humour
•	Creativity and inventiveness 
•	Strong
84
Q

Self-actualisers are more likely to engage in _____ ________: which includes being accepting of oneself and feeling connected with the world (non-judgemental)

A

being conjunction

85
Q

Is self-actualisation a constant state?

A

No

86
Q

The self-actualising form of cognition occurs when having ___ _______

A

peak experiences

87
Q

Maslow used interviews, observations, biographical studies, self-report questionnaires and projective tests to “measure” ____ - __________

A

self-actualisation

88
Q

In Maslow’s theory If needs are not being met, an individual cannot be __________ _______

A

psychologically healthy

89
Q

The lower the needs in the hierarchy which is yet to be satisfied, the poorer the _______ wellbeing

A

mental

90
Q

Was rogers or maslows therapeutic technique eclectic

A

Maslow

91
Q

Where you could apply Maslow’s theory?

A

Education; Work: Job motivation and Eupsychian management (where everyone is trusted)

92
Q

What is Optimal experience?

A

An experience one is COMPLETELY engaged in which is truly enjoyable

93
Q

Csikszentmihalyi termed such experiences optimal experiences or _____

A

flow

94
Q

Name some of the Flow characteristics

A

The 8 characteristics of Optimal Experiences

  1. Attention is completely absorbed
  2. Activity has clear goals
  3. Activity is challenging, but not so difficult that meaningful progress cannot be achieved
  4. Concentration is centred only on the task
  5. Individual feels in control
  6. Loss of self-consciousness
  7. Feedback is available
  8. Time passes very quickly
95
Q

According to Rogers when one reaches an optimal sense of satisfaction, they are seen to be _____ _______ :

A

fully functioning

96
Q

An individual who has:
• High self-esteem and self-acceptance
• Accept mistakes and learn from them
• Make choices consistent with their values and interests
• Experience feelings more deeply and intensely than others

Are: ________ ___________ ; According to who?

A

Fully functioning; Rogers

97
Q

___-_______ : who we are, but based on how others have evaluated us

A

Self-concept

98
Q

Real ____________ self: the individual we are capable of being if we have ideal developmental experiences

A

organismic

99
Q

If there is a discrepancy between self-concept and ideal self …this equals what?

A

Anxiety

100
Q

________ according to who? refers to keep anxious thoughts out of consciousness

A

Subception; Rogers

101
Q

As we grow, we develop _______ of ______: the positive regard we need to thrive is dependent on how we behave

A

conditions of worth

102
Q

According to Rogers, the main factor in determining when we will become self-actualised is our __________ experiences

A

childhood

103
Q

According to Rogers for optimal development (self-actualisation), we need to experience ________ _______ _________:

A

unconditional positive regard

104
Q

The more conditions of worth we have within our self-concept, the poorer the __________ __________

A

psychological health

105
Q

The goal of therapy, according to ________ model, is to enable the client to help themselves to become more self-accepting

A

Rogers

106
Q

_______ Person Centred Therapy
• Providing an atmosphere for the client to help themselves
• Reflection is often used

A

Rogers’

107
Q

Six core conditions of counselling are needed:

  1. The client and the therapist must be in __________ contact (it must get deep)
  2. The client is in a state of ____________ (there is something wrong)
  3. Therapist is congruent in the relationship (the therapist is genuine)
  4. The therapist has unconditional positive regard and empathy
  5. Empathetic understanding
  6. Client perceives the unconditional positive regard and empathy
A

psychological; incongruence

108
Q

• Six core conditions of counselling are needed:

  1. The client and the therapist must be in psychological contact (it must get deep)
  2. The client is in a state of incongruence (there is something wrong)
  3. Therapist is _________ in the relationship (the therapist is genuine)
  4. The therapist has _______ _________ _________ and empathy
  5. Empathetic understanding
  6. Client perceives the unconditional positive regard and empathy
A

congruent; unconditional positive regard

109
Q

• Six core conditions of counselling are needed:

  1. The client and the therapist must be in psychological contact (it must get deep)
  2. The client is in a state of incongruence (there is something wrong)
  3. Therapist is congruent in the relationship (the therapist is genuine)
  4. The therapist has unconditional positive regard and empathy
  5. ___________ understanding
  6. Client __________ the unconditional positive regard and empathy
A

Empathetic; perceives

110
Q

What assessment was developed to assess efficacy of person centred therapy?

A

Q-Sort task

111
Q

What humanistic assessment allows examination of discrepancies between the client’s image of self (Real self) and ideal self

A

Q-sort

112
Q

What are the assumptions of the humanistic approach?

A

Personal responsibility; Here and now; phenomenology of the individual; personal change and growth; holistic view

113
Q

__________ means subjective experience of an individual

A

phenomenology

114
Q

Are “being cognitions” constant?

A

No

115
Q

______ ________ include being accepting of oneself and feeling connected to the world

A

Being Cognitions

116
Q

Name some characteristics of a self-actualised person

A

Spontaneous, creative, indépendant, problem-centred; deep ties with others; accepting

117
Q

The real _______ self: the individual we are capable of being if we have ideal developmental experiences

A

organismic

118
Q

When is there anxiety according to Rogers?

A

When there is a discrepancy between self-concept and ideal self

119
Q

_______ of _______: the positive regard we need to thrive is dependant on how we behave

A

Conditions of Worth

120
Q

What is the goal of client centred therapy?

A

Removing conditions of worth from an individual

121
Q

The more conditions of worth, the ________ psychological health

A

poorer

122
Q

Six core conditions of counselling according to Rogers

  1. The client and therapists must be in psychological ________
  2. The client is in a state of ___________
  3. The therapist is ________ in the relationship
  4. Therapist has unconditional postive regard for client
  5. Empathetic understanding
  6. Client perceives the unconditional positive regard and _______
A

contact; incongruence; congruent; empathy

Personality and Individual Differences (10 decks)

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