week 9 b Flashcards
1
Q
Imperial Subject
A
Constructed identity through colonial narratives.
2
Q
Sculptura in æs
A
Term meaning ‘Engraving on copper’ in Latin.
3
Q
Copper-Plate Engraving
A
Technique for reproducing images on paper.
4
Q
Nova Reperta
A
Series highlighting discoveries and inventions of the era.
5
Q
Engraver’s Workshop
A
Space where prints were created and techniques learned.
6
Q
Burin
A
Tool used for engraving metal plates.
7
Q
Printing Press
A
Device for mass-producing printed material.
8
Q
Magnetic Compass
A
Navigational instrument aiding exploration during the era.
9
Q
Iron Clock
A
Technological advancement marking the period’s innovation.
10
Q
Apprentice
A
Young worker learning engraving techniques.
11
Q
Inking Process
A
Preparation of engraved plates for printing.
12
Q
Plate Press
A
Machine used to transfer inked images to paper.
13
Q
Damp Prints
A
Freshly printed images hung to dry.
14
Q
Crucified Christ Image
A
Religious engraving prepared for printing.
15
Q
Antwerp
A
City known for its engraver workshops.
16
Q
De Bry Workshop
A
Famous engraving workshop in Frankfurt.
17
Q
Engraving Process
A
Steps involved in creating prints from plates.
18
Q
Cultural Representation
A
Depiction of societies through artistic mediums.
19
Q
Gender and Cannibalism
A
Themes explored in representations of the New World.
20
Q
Engraving
A
Art of incising designs on hard surfaces.
21
Q
Technê
A
Early modern concept of art as skill or craft.
22
Q
Nova reperta
A
Collection illustrating advancements in European technology.
23
Q
Civilizing process
A
Norbert Elias’s term for societal refinement.
24
Q
Georgius Agricola
A
Renaissance metallurgist known for De re metallica.
25
De re metallica
1556 book on mining and metallurgy by Agricola.
26
Civil-savage dichotomy
Contrast between civilized and primitive societies.
27
Astrolabe
Instrument for solving problems related to time and position.
28
Copper plate
Metal plate used for engraving images.
29
Dexteritye of witte
Skillful intelligence in creating fine objects.
30
Blank plate
Uninscribed copper plate symbolizing potential for improvement.
31
Sculptura in æs
Work showcasing polished
32
Algonquian ornament
Cultural artifact representing Native American craftsmanship.
33
Transatlantic voyages
Sea journeys between Europe and the Americas.
34
Francis Bacon
Philosopher who emphasized technology's role in civilization.
35
Magnetic compass
Navigational instrument crucial for maritime exploration.
36
Printing press
Device that revolutionized the production of written material.
37
Gunpowder
Explosive material that changed warfare and exploration.
38
Virginia inhabitants
Native Americans praised for their craftsmanship.
39
Metallurgical inventions
Technological advancements involving the use of metals.
40
Pictorial terms
Visual representations conveying complex narratives.
41
Civility
Cultural refinement associated with technological advancement.
42
European visual language
Artistic style reflecting European cultural perspectives.
43
Theodor de Bry
Artist known for engravings of New World.
44
Roanoac
Location associated with early American settlements.
45
Harriot's Report
Document detailing Virginia's early encounters.
46
Cheif Lorde of Roanoac
Indigenous leader depicted in de Bry's work.
47
Technological Inferiority
Perception of Americas' lack of advanced technology.
48
Noble Savage
Idealized concept of Indigenous people as innocent.
49
Scientific Instruments
Tools used by Harriot to demonstrate European superiority.
50
Mathematical Instruments
Devices illustrating advanced European knowledge.
51
Perspective Glass
Early telescope used to view distant objects.
52
Mechanical Perspectivalism
Technique for achieving a viewpoint in representation.
53
Engraving
Art of printing images from engraved plates.
54
Cultural Perspective
Understanding one's position in relation to others.
55
Evolutionary Paradigm
View of civilization as a progressive development.
56
Nova reperta
Historical work discussing advancements in engraving.
57
Ethnographic Representation
Depiction of cultures through artistic means.
58
Savage's Inability
Lack of understanding of European technologies.
59
Point of View
Perspective from which one observes the world.
60
Mechanical Reproduction
Process of creating copies of artworks or texts.
61
Advanced Civilization
State of society characterized by technological progress.
62
Engraving Techniques
Methods used to create detailed printed images.
63
Cultural Superiority
Belief in the dominance of one culture over another.
64
Historical Context
Background information influencing the creation of works.
65
Viewer's Perspective
Interpretation shaped by the observer's background.
66
John Evelyn
Author of Sculptura
67
Sculptura
Evelyn's work on engraving techniques and history.
68
Royal Society
Group fostering scientific knowledge in Evelyn's era.
69
Baconian project
Goal of improving humanity through scientific advancement.
70
Mechanical trades
Crafts that reflect civilization's state and progress.
71
William M. Ivins
Authored Prints and Visual Communication
72
Prints
Crucial tools for modern sciences and communication.
73
John Ruskin
Critic of print's promised progress in art.
74
Civilizing art
Concept of engraving as a tool for civilization.
75
Photomechanical reproduction
Technique replacing engraving around 1900.
76
Standardization in reproduction
Engraving allowed consistent replication of images.
77
Visual strain
Physical challenge faced by engravers during work.
78
Burin
Tool used by engravers for cutting plates.
79
Opaque white lenses
Spectacles that paradoxically hindered the engraver's vision.
80
Colonial desire
Gaze representing conquest in van der Straet's work.
81
Artisan workshop
Space where engravers focused on material and labor.
82
Engraver's spectacles
Designed to aid vision but highlighted visual strain.
83
Labor of engraving
Detailed work requiring precision and skill.
84
Reproductive medium
Engraving's role in disseminating images in the West.
85
Clarity of vision
Goal of engraving to enhance visual understanding.
86
Conditions of labor
Challenges faced by engravers in their workshops.
87
Visual communication
Engraving's contribution to conveying ideas and information.
88
Historical context
Engraving's evolution linked to societal advancements.
89
Materiality of prints
Physical characteristics influencing printed text perception.
90
Savage representation
Portrayal of indigenous people in ethnographic contexts.
91
Engraving process
Creating images by incising designs onto a hard surface.
92
White pebble metaphor
Symbolizes tangible impressions in printed works.
93
Opaque lenses
Engraver's spectacles representing mediated perception.
94
Ethnographic image
Visual representation reflecting cultural and social contexts.
95
Civil-savage opposition
Binary framework contrasting civilized and primitive societies.
96
Material remainders
Physical remnants challenging stable representations.
97
Tattoo comparison
Engraving likened to body markings of indigenous people.
98
Idol worship
Reverence for physical representations in indigenous cultures.
99
Chief lord's copper plate
Symbol of authority and cultural identity in representation.
100
Blankness of America
Concept of uncharted potential for cultural inscription.
101
Christian West's view
Perception of 'savage' as materialistic and primitive.
102
Copper plate utility
European perspective on copper as a transformative tool.
103
Brass astrolabe
Navigational tool converting celestial observations into knowledge.
104
Copper as commodity
Valuable resource in early American trade and economy.
105
Mangoaks tribe
Indigenous group noted for decorative use of copper.
106
Hakluyt's Principall Navigations
Document detailing early explorations and encounters.
107
De Bry's engraving
Visual representation emphasizing indigenous cultural practices.
108
Representational economy
System of exchanging knowledge through printed images.
109
Transforming copper
Process of converting raw material into cultural knowledge.
110
Cultural authority
Power derived from symbols and material possessions.
111
Engraving workshop
Place where images were produced and knowledge disseminated.
112
de Bry's Workshop
Site where copper sheets were transformed into prints.
113
Copper Engraving
Process of cutting
114
Sculptura
Work by van der Straet depicting engraving practices.
115
Token of Authority
Symbolic item representing power
116
Materiality of Engraving
Focus on physical aspects of engraving processes.
117
Savage Marks
Techniques representing Native Americans in early ethnography.
118
Tattooed Algonquian Warrior
Image raising questions about translating Native identities.
119
Translation of Marks
Converting tattoos into European alphabetical signs.
120
Engraver's Burin
Tool used for inscribing designs on copper plates.
121
Humanist Network
Interconnected practices of writing and engraving around 1600.
122
Civilizing Quill
Symbol of civilized writing contrasting with savage tattoos.
123
Savage and Civil Distinction
Blurred lines between savage tattoos and civilized letters.
124
Engraving as Confrontation
Struggle to derive meaning from the engraving medium.
125
Representation's Failure
Understanding the savage as a product of misrepresentation.
126
Roanoke Voyages
Colonial expeditions that prompted Native American translations.
127
Self-Portrait of de Bry
Declaration of authority in engraving tradition of Dürer.
128
Engraving Process Stages
Early stages include cutting
129
Cultural Representation
How cultures are depicted through artistic mediums.
130
Ethnographic Boundaries
Conceptual divisions between new world and old.
131
Intellectual Construct of Savage
The savage as a belief or symbol in Western thought.
132
Inscription Labor
Engraving work akin to tattooing practices.
133
Meaning from Matter
Creating significance through the physicality of engraving.
134
A Cheif Lord of Roanoac
Engraving symbolizing authority and cultural identity.
135
Engraving
Art of carving designs into hard surfaces.
136
Tattooing
Permanent ink designs on the skin.
137
Ornamentation
Decorative elements enhancing visual appeal.
138
Semiotic function
Significance of symbols in representation.
139
Hubert Damisch
Art theorist known for cloud symbolism.
140
Grotesque printer's ornaments
Playful decorative elements in printed texts.
141
Perspectival representation
Art technique creating depth and space illusion.
142
Idolatry
Worship of physical objects as divine.
143
Protestant print culture
Print media reflecting Protestant beliefs and values.
144
Empirical inquiry
Investigation based on observation and experience.
145
Sensual desire
Strong attraction to sensory experiences.
146
Two-edged sword of perspective
Perspective both distances and draws viewers in.
147
Wood engraving
Printmaking technique using carved wooden blocks.
148
Halftone
Printing technique using varying dot sizes.
149
Colonial American history
Study of early American settlements and cultures.
150
Algonquians
Indigenous people of the Virginia region.
151
Twisting lines
Ornamental lines disrupting visual representation.
152
Smoky passages
Artistic representation of smoke in engravings.
153
Visual illusion
Trick of the eye in art perception.
154
Cultural representation
Portrayal of cultural identities in art.
155
Engraved reproductions
Copies of original art made through engraving.
156
Century Magazine
Publication featuring articles on American history.
157
Wood Engraver
Artist specializing in carving images on wood.
158
Ethnological Discourse
Discussion on cultures and societies in anthropology.
159
John Ruskin
Influential art critic advocating for craftsmanship.
160
Engraving Techniques
Methods used for creating engraved images.
161
Civilization Process
Evolutionary development of societies over time.
162
Reproductive Practice
Technique for replicating art or images.
163
Nineteenth-Century Investment
Cultural emphasis on evolution and progress.
164
Primitive Scratches
Basic
165
Western Representation
Portrayal of cultures from a Eurocentric perspective.
166
Cross-Cultural Communication
Interaction and exchange between different cultures.
167
De Bry Engravings
Visual representations by Theodor de Bry of the New World.
168
Technologies of Enchantment
Alfred Gell's concept of captivating visual practices.
169
Indigenous Societies
Original inhabitants of a region or land.
170
Negotiation Encounters
Interactions between different cultural groups.
171
Engraving Techniques
Methods for creating detailed images on surfaces.
172
Cultural History
Study of how cultures evolve over time.
173
Visual Practices
Methods of creating and interpreting visual art.
174
Savage Constructs
Western ideas about 'savage' cultures
175
Engagement with Cultures
Interaction and understanding between diverse societies.
176
Art of Scratch
Ruskin's term for basic engraving methods.
177
Alfred Gell
Anthropologist known for theories on art and culture.
178
Sir Walter Raleigh
Explorer who promoted colonization of Virginia.
179
Harriot's Report
Document aimed at promoting Virginia's colonization.
180
Harriot
Author evaluating Virginia's colonial prospects.
181
Coloniology
Study of colonial aims through ethnological data.
182
De Bry
Engraver who illustrated Virginia's inhabitants.
183
John White
Artist whose watercolors informed de Bry's engravings.
184
Engraving
Artistic technique for producing images on surfaces.
185
Ethnography
Study of cultures and peoples through observation.
186
Comparative ethnology
Analysis of cultures by comparing different societies.
187
Roman alphabet
Writing system used in the Report's text.
188
Writer's quill
Tool for writing
189
Engraver's burin
Chisel used for carving images into metal.
190
Doryphorus
Classical sculpture type
191
Contrapposto
Artistic pose showing weight shift in figures.
192
Tattoo
Permanent skin marking
193
Marks of sundrye
Title of engraving depicting Virginia's chief men.
194
Mannerist gesture
Complex pose reflecting emotional or aesthetic expression.
195
Ethnological science
Field studying cultures
196
Visual strategies
Techniques to represent and promote colonial interests.
197
Engraving techniques
Methods used to create detailed images in print.
198
Cultural representation
Portrayal of a culture's practices and beliefs.
199
Signification levels
Multiple meanings conveyed through visual and textual elements.
200
Watercolor drawings
Artistic technique used by John White for illustrations.
201
Ancient inhabitants of Britain
Depicted to compare with Virginia's indigenous peoples.
202
Ethnographic images
Visual representations of cultural practices and people.
203
Investment advertisement
Promotional aspect encouraging colonial ventures in Virginia.
204
Primary Subject Matter
Factual description of a picture's content.
205
Secondary Subject Matter
Iconographical meaning beyond primary observations.
206
Iconography
Study of symbols and their meanings in art.
207
Iconology
Interpretation of cultural context in visual art.
208
Emblem of the Savage
Arrows symbolize the depiction of American Indians.
209
Schematic Arrow Form
Abstract representation of arrows in tattoos.
210
Tattoo Designs
Symbols indicating identity and origin among natives.
211
Phonetic Signs
Familiar Latin alphabet letters indexing tattoos.
212
Cultural Translation
Decoding foreign symbols into familiar European signs.
213
Allegorical Representation
Symbolic depiction conveying deeper meanings or themes.
214
Vespucci's Mundus Novus
Early depiction of New World natives in art.
215
De Bry's Engraving
Visual translation of Native American identity for Europeans.
216
Tattoos as Identity Markers
Symbols indicating tribal affiliation and status.
217
Historical Context
Understanding art through its cultural and temporal background.
218
Visual Communication
Use of images to convey messages and meanings.
219
Cultural Otherness
Representation of unfamiliar cultures through European perspectives.
220
Sixteenth Century Virginia
Historical setting for the observed native practices.
221
Woodcut Frontispiece
Illustrative print serving as a book's cover image.
222
Native American Symbolism
Cultural meanings embedded in indigenous art forms.
223
Primary vs Secondary Meanings
Distinction between direct observation and deeper significance.
224
Observation and Reflection
Encouragement to analyze visual elements critically.
225
Cultural Familiarity
Understanding foreign symbols through known cultural references.
226
Standard Element in Depiction
Commonly recognized symbols in artistic representations.
227
Visual Juxtaposition
Contrasting different signs to question meaning.
228
Savage Tattoos
Body art representing indigenous cultural identity.
229
Civilized Letters
Alphabetical writing symbolizing European authority.
230
Illusionistic Arrows
Visual representations suggesting depth or perspective.
231
Arrow-shaped Tattoos
Body art mimicking the form of arrows.
232
Ethnographic Knowledge
Understanding cultures through observation and interpretation.
233
Transcendent Authority of Writing
Writing's perceived superiority in knowledge transmission.
234
Writing Lesson
Teaching literacy through visual representation of culture.
235
Alphabetical Writing
System of writing using letters to convey meaning.
236
Humanist Grammars
Texts promoting literacy and cultural superiority in Europe.
237
Colonial Authority
Power derived from cultural and linguistic dominance.
238
Year 1492
Significant for conquests and linguistic advancements.
239
Elio Antonio de Nebrija
Author of the first Spanish grammar book.
240
Grammatical Mission
Civilizing efforts through teaching language and writing.
241
Civil Self
Identity shaped by literacy and cultural norms.
242
Savagery vs. Civilization
Oppositional concepts defining cultural hierarchies.
243
Civic Literacy
Ability to read and write as a civil virtue.
244
Engraving of The Marckes
Visual representation questioning cultural signification.
245
Bodily Identification
Connecting viewer's physicality with depicted subjects.
246
Cultural Interpretation
Understanding cultures through their symbols and signs.
247
Material Body
Physical form representing primal communication methods.
248
Preverbal Communication
Non-linguistic forms of expressing meaning.
249
Chain of Signification
Process of interpreting signs to derive meaning.
250
de Bry's engraving
Teaches letters and body discipline simultaneously.
251
Pictorial register
Visual representation of the tattooed body.
252
Textual apparatus
Site of knowledge containing images' meanings.
253
Proto-ethnographic discourse
Early discourse analyzing cultural practices and objects.
254
Savage communication
Material tattoo as primitive form of expression.
255
Civil communication
Letters viewed as transcending material representation.
256
Cultural graphology
Study of writing's relationship with material forms.
257
Material supports
Physical mediums that influence writing's meaning.
258
Juliet Fleming
Argues tattoos reveal writing's material significance.
259
William Camden
Antiquarian who documented ancient bodily markings.
260
John Speed
Wrote about ancient inhabitants' body markings.
261
Thomas Harriot
Documented American tattooing practices.
262
Samuel Purchas
Provided accounts of tattooing in America.
263
Descriptive language
Rich language reflecting European writing practices.
264
Tattoo vs. letter
Explores common materiality and meaning similarities.
265
Arrows as emblems
Symbolize difference in European iconography.
266
Iconography of otherness
Visual symbols representing cultural differences.
267
Cesare Ripa
Authored 'Iconologia'
268
Jean de Léry
Wrote about Tupinamba in Brazil.
269
Savage condition
Represented by figures holding bows and arrows.
270
Iconographical interpretation
Analyzes images for external meanings.
271
Physical properties of letters
Material aspects influencing meaning perception.
272
Countenance
Maintaining dignity through cultural symbols.
273
Signifying Mark
Material body subordinated to emblematic value.
274
Iconography
Study of cultural symbols and their meanings.
275
Opaque Signifiers
Material traces of specific representational practices.
276
Reflexivity
Arrows point back to the subject's body.
277
Labor of Inscription
Process of creating meaning through representation.
278
De Bry's Engraving
Illustrates translation of American bodies in art.
279
Contradictory Readings
Two interpretations of representation coexist simultaneously.
280
Humanism
Ideological context influencing colonial representations.
281
Colonialism
Historical practice of acquiring control over foreign lands.
282
Ethnological Discourse
Study of cultures and their representations.
283
Historical Field of Mediation
Technologies and practices shaping representation.
284
Power Structures
Hierarchies influencing cultural and ideological contexts.
285
Meta-Picture
Image that allows for multiple interpretations.
286
Self-Referential
Pictures that reflect on their own representation.
287
Civility and Savagery
Concepts emerging in early modern European culture.
288
Undecidable Space
Ambiguity between letters and tattoos in representation.
289
Tattoos
Body markings representing identity and culture.
290
Letters
Written symbols conveying language and meaning.
291
Visual Meditation
Reflection on how images produce meaning.
292
Ambivalence
Uncertainty in colonial representation and interpretation.
293
Historical Parameters
Contextual boundaries shaping cultural understanding.
294
Arrows in Representation
Symbols indicating direction toward cultural meanings.
295
Translation of Bodies
Process of interpreting cultural identities through art.
296
Joseph-François Lafitau
Jesuit author of comparative ethnology texts.
297
Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains
1724 work comparing American Indian customs.
298
Comparative ethnology
Study of cultural similarities across societies.
299
Frontispiece
Illustrative page preceding a book's text.
300
Scientific method
Systematic observation and experimentation process.
301
Visual allegory
Symbolic representation conveying deeper meanings.
302
Ethnographer's muse
Inspiration for ethnographic writing and analysis.
303
Religious artifacts
Objects representing spiritual beliefs and practices.
304
The figure of Writing
Symbol of ethnographic documentation and analysis.
305
The figure of Time
Represents historical context in Lafitau's work.
306
Mystic vision
Symbolic depiction of religious origins and narratives.
307
Biblical nature
Foundation of Lafitau's ethnographic framework.
308
New science
Emergence of systematic study during the Enlightenment.
309
Disordered collection
Chaotic arrangement of artifacts for analysis.
310
Evidentiary foundations
Basis of evidence supporting ethnographic claims.
311
Forty-one engraved plates
Illustrations accompanying Lafitau's comparative project.
312
Universal religious system
Theoretical framework unifying diverse religious beliefs.
313
Material letter
Written text representing physical artifacts.
314
Transparent sign
Symbolic representation devoid of material constraints.
315
Foucault's classical episteme
Framework where language becomes neutral and transparent.
316
Nonspace
Conceptual space where materiality is minimized.
317
Renaissance episteme
Worldview emphasizing signs and resemblances.
318
Fragmentary evidence
Incomplete data used for constructing ethnographic narratives.
319
De Bry's Letters
Index tattoos and convey material interests.
320
Rational Goal
Aim to assimilate savages into civilized order.
321
Illustrated Title Page
Comparison to Lafitau's frontispiece for context.
322
Kiwasa
Algonquian idol worshipped in de Bry's engraving.
323
Social Hierarchy
Represents proper order in Algonquian society.
324
Architectural Forms
Symbolize civilized order in de Bry's work.
325
Heathenism
False worship of idols instead of true God.
326
Civilized Order
Material structure contrasting with ethereal ideals.
327
Nova Alphabet
Twenty-four letters designed by de Bry in 1595.
328
Letter A
Linked to the Fall in de Bry's engraving.
329
Tree of Knowledge
Symbolizes knowledge and disobedience in Genesis.
330
Satan's Serpent
Represents temptation in the form of a female.
331
Divine Soul
Guided by the letter after Adam's disobedience.
332
Prelapsarian Condition
State of innocence before Adam and Eve's fall.
333
Foundational Support
Letters provide basis for civilized social order.
334
Memory Recovery
Possibility of returning to original state through letters.
335
Engraving Technique
Method used by de Bry to convey complex ideas.
336
Cultural Assimilation
Process of integrating indigenous people into civilization.
337
Ethnographic Representation
Depicts indigenous societies through European perspectives.
338
Material Ethnography
Focus on tangible aspects of cultural representation.
339
Sixteenth-Century Ideal
Reflects European views on social order and hierarchy.
340
Disobedience Mark
Alphabetical order signifies Adam and Eve's fall.
341
Engraving Context
Visual art used to communicate cultural narratives.
342
Prelapsarian Speech
Speech before the Fall of Adam and Eve.
343
De Bry's Engraving
Illustration linking letters to human origins.
344
Alphabetical Support
Foundation for recovering origins in fallen world.
345
Adam and A
First man linked to first letter of alphabet.
346
John Barrett
Author discussing letter A's significance in 1580.
347
An Alvearie
Dictionary by John Barrett from 1580.
348
Sacred Books
Sources of knowledge about Adam's actions.
349
Lafitau
Ethnologist separating fall from written narrative.
350
Ethnographic Allegory
Representation aligning writing with knowledge production.
351
Nova Alphati
Work illustrating the connection between letters and origins.
352
Renaissance Literature
Explores historical origins of writing and letters.
353
Thomas Harriot
Commented on Indians' lack of letters affecting history.
354
Algonquians
Indigenous group with inverted origin stories.
355
Confusion of Origins
Result of lacking written records in cultures.
356
Fatal Deed
Adam's action leading to the Fall.
357
Knowledge Production
Process of creating understanding through letters.
358
Tradition
Method of passing history orally through generations.
359
Ethnologist
Scholar studying cultures through written records.
360
Judeo-Christian Narrative
Story of fall and redemption in scripture.
361
Alphabet
System of letters used for communication.
362
Writing Origins
Debate over where and when writing began.
363
Visualizing Desire
Concept of seeking origins through representation.
364
Historical Origins
Multiple narratives explaining the beginnings of writing.
365
Harriot's Phonetic Alphabet
A system to communicate with Algonquians.
366
Civilization Narrative
Progress from savage to civilized societies.
367
Scriptural Order
Hierarchy established through written letters.
368
De Bry's Engravings
Visual representation of New World ethnology.
369
Temporal Relationships
Connections between time and spatial distance.
370
Ethnological Science
Study of human cultures and their development.
371
Relativized Temporality
Concept that time varies across cultures.
372
Eighteenth-Century Frontispiece
Artwork representing the transition of knowledge.
373
Material Letter
Physical form of writing linking cultures.
374
Orality vs. Literacy
Contrast between spoken and written communication.
375
Engraving of the Fall
Depiction illustrating the struggle for authority.
376
Nova Alphati
De Bry's work linking letters to civilization.
377
Confused Savages
Perception of Native Americans by Europeans.
378
Scriptural Closure
Letters bridging gaps in understanding history.
379
Comparative Ethnology
Study comparing different cultures and societies.
380
Savage Marks
Symbols representing indigenous peoples' identities.
381
Sacred History
Religious narrative encompassing all peoples' timelines.
382
Johannes Fabian
Scholar who analyzed temporal relations in ethnology.
383
Physical World
Concept where time is linked to space.
384
Cultural Maturation
Process of societies evolving towards civilization.
385
Ethnologist's Task
Mapping temporal relationships in human origins.
386
Allegorical Figure of Time
Symbol representing the transition from letters to time.
387
Cultural Hybridity
Aesthetic emphasizing diversity in art forms.
388
Juan Baptista Cuiris
Artist known for 'Mournful Virgin' painting.
389
Georges Trubert
Creator of 'The Weeping Virgin' painting.
390
Renaissance Venice
Period highlighting Venice's artistic developments.
391
Renaissance France
Artistic movements and styles in France during Renaissance.
392
Western Influence
Impact of Western art on global cultures.
393
Paul Wood
Art historian discussing aesthetics in Venice.
394
Pisanello
Renaissance artist known for medals and portraits.
395
Mehmed II
Ottoman Sultan depicted in various Renaissance artworks.
396
Gentile Bellini
Italian painter known for portraits and historical scenes.
397
Self-portrait
Artist's representation of themselves in artwork.
398
Turkish Janissary
Elite Ottoman infantry depicted in Renaissance art.
399
Allegorical Portrait
Art representing abstract ideas through imagery.
400
Erhard Reuwich
Artist known for travel illustrations in the 1480s.
401
Liber chronicarum
Chronicle featuring views of Venice and beyond.
402
St. Mark Preaching
Bellini's work depicting a biblical scene in Alexandria.
403
Bowcase and Quiver
Accessories for archery depicted in Renaissance art.
404
Medal of John VIII Palaeologus
Commemorative piece from the Renaissance era.
405
Sketches of John VIII Palaiologos
Drawings from his visit to Florence in 1438.
406
Portrait of Mehmet II
Various representations of the Ottoman Sultan in art.
407
Sarazenen in Bernhard von Breydenbach
Illustration depicting Saracens in a travel account.
408
Aesthetic of Diversity
Artistic approach celebrating varied cultural influences.
409
Anonymous Venetian painting
'The Reception of the Ambassadors in Damascus'
410
Textile Fragment
Mamluk Emblem
411
Georges Trubert
Artist of 'The Weeping Virgin'
412
Nicolas Froment
Created 'René of Anjou' in 1474.
413
Barthélemy d'Eyck
Artist of 'La Vierge au Voile Bleu'
414
Alessio Baldovinetti
Stained-Glass Oculus
415
René of Anjou
Owner of Levantine objects described in inventories.
416
Levantine objects
Items listed as 'à la façon orientale'.
417
Barthélemy d'Eyck's works
Included 'Livre du cœur d'amour épris'
418
The Hours of René of Anjou
A manuscript by Barthélemy d'Eyck
419
Abraham Cresques
Creator of 'The Catalan Atlas'
420
The Tomb of Askia
Late fifteenth-century structure located in Gao
421
Ortelius's Theatrum orbis terrarum
Map of Africa published in Antwerp
422
Carved ivory salt-cellar
Depicts Madonna
423
Sierra Leone salt-cellar
Carved elephant ivory
424
Featherworkers in the Florentine Codex
Book 9
425
The Mass of St. Gregory
Oldest feather work with Christian subject
426
Diego Huanutzin
Presented 'The Mass of Saint Gregory' to Pope Paul III.
427
Israhel van Meckenem
Artist of 'The Mass of Saint Gregory'
428
Benin Bronzes
Cultural artifacts linked to colonial violence and restitution.
429
Salt-cellar of carved elephant ivory
Benin
430
Salt cellar of elephant ivory
Sierra Leone
