week 9 b Flashcards

1
Q

Imperial Subject

A

Constructed identity through colonial narratives.

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2
Q

Sculptura in æs

A

Term meaning ‘Engraving on copper’ in Latin.

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3
Q

Copper-Plate Engraving

A

Technique for reproducing images on paper.

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4
Q

Nova Reperta

A

Series highlighting discoveries and inventions of the era.

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5
Q

Engraver’s Workshop

A

Space where prints were created and techniques learned.

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6
Q

Burin

A

Tool used for engraving metal plates.

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7
Q

Printing Press

A

Device for mass-producing printed material.

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8
Q

Magnetic Compass

A

Navigational instrument aiding exploration during the era.

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9
Q

Iron Clock

A

Technological advancement marking the period’s innovation.

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10
Q

Apprentice

A

Young worker learning engraving techniques.

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11
Q

Inking Process

A

Preparation of engraved plates for printing.

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12
Q

Plate Press

A

Machine used to transfer inked images to paper.

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13
Q

Damp Prints

A

Freshly printed images hung to dry.

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14
Q

Crucified Christ Image

A

Religious engraving prepared for printing.

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15
Q

Antwerp

A

City known for its engraver workshops.

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16
Q

De Bry Workshop

A

Famous engraving workshop in Frankfurt.

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17
Q

Engraving Process

A

Steps involved in creating prints from plates.

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18
Q

Cultural Representation

A

Depiction of societies through artistic mediums.

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19
Q

Gender and Cannibalism

A

Themes explored in representations of the New World.

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20
Q

Engraving

A

Art of incising designs on hard surfaces.

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21
Q

Technê

A

Early modern concept of art as skill or craft.

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22
Q

Nova reperta

A

Collection illustrating advancements in European technology.

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23
Q

Civilizing process

A

Norbert Elias’s term for societal refinement.

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24
Q

Georgius Agricola

A

Renaissance metallurgist known for De re metallica.

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25
Q

De re metallica

A

1556 book on mining and metallurgy by Agricola.

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26
Q

Civil-savage dichotomy

A

Contrast between civilized and primitive societies.

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27
Q

Astrolabe

A

Instrument for solving problems related to time and position.

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28
Q

Copper plate

A

Metal plate used for engraving images.

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29
Q

Dexteritye of witte

A

Skillful intelligence in creating fine objects.

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30
Q

Blank plate

A

Uninscribed copper plate symbolizing potential for improvement.

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31
Q

Sculptura in æs

A

Work showcasing polished

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32
Q

Algonquian ornament

A

Cultural artifact representing Native American craftsmanship.

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33
Q

Transatlantic voyages

A

Sea journeys between Europe and the Americas.

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34
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Philosopher who emphasized technology’s role in civilization.

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35
Q

Magnetic compass

A

Navigational instrument crucial for maritime exploration.

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36
Q

Printing press

A

Device that revolutionized the production of written material.

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37
Q

Gunpowder

A

Explosive material that changed warfare and exploration.

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38
Q

Virginia inhabitants

A

Native Americans praised for their craftsmanship.

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39
Q

Metallurgical inventions

A

Technological advancements involving the use of metals.

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40
Q

Pictorial terms

A

Visual representations conveying complex narratives.

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41
Q

Civility

A

Cultural refinement associated with technological advancement.

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42
Q

European visual language

A

Artistic style reflecting European cultural perspectives.

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43
Q

Theodor de Bry

A

Artist known for engravings of New World.

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44
Q

Roanoac

A

Location associated with early American settlements.

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45
Q

Harriot’s Report

A

Document detailing Virginia’s early encounters.

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46
Q

Cheif Lorde of Roanoac

A

Indigenous leader depicted in de Bry’s work.

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47
Q

Technological Inferiority

A

Perception of Americas’ lack of advanced technology.

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48
Q

Noble Savage

A

Idealized concept of Indigenous people as innocent.

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49
Q

Scientific Instruments

A

Tools used by Harriot to demonstrate European superiority.

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50
Q

Mathematical Instruments

A

Devices illustrating advanced European knowledge.

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51
Q

Perspective Glass

A

Early telescope used to view distant objects.

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52
Q

Mechanical Perspectivalism

A

Technique for achieving a viewpoint in representation.

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53
Q

Engraving

A

Art of printing images from engraved plates.

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54
Q

Cultural Perspective

A

Understanding one’s position in relation to others.

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55
Q

Evolutionary Paradigm

A

View of civilization as a progressive development.

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56
Q

Nova reperta

A

Historical work discussing advancements in engraving.

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57
Q

Ethnographic Representation

A

Depiction of cultures through artistic means.

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58
Q

Savage’s Inability

A

Lack of understanding of European technologies.

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59
Q

Point of View

A

Perspective from which one observes the world.

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60
Q

Mechanical Reproduction

A

Process of creating copies of artworks or texts.

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61
Q

Advanced Civilization

A

State of society characterized by technological progress.

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62
Q

Engraving Techniques

A

Methods used to create detailed printed images.

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63
Q

Cultural Superiority

A

Belief in the dominance of one culture over another.

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64
Q

Historical Context

A

Background information influencing the creation of works.

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65
Q

Viewer’s Perspective

A

Interpretation shaped by the observer’s background.

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66
Q

John Evelyn

A

Author of Sculptura

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67
Q

Sculptura

A

Evelyn’s work on engraving techniques and history.

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68
Q

Royal Society

A

Group fostering scientific knowledge in Evelyn’s era.

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69
Q

Baconian project

A

Goal of improving humanity through scientific advancement.

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70
Q

Mechanical trades

A

Crafts that reflect civilization’s state and progress.

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71
Q

William M. Ivins

A

Authored Prints and Visual Communication

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72
Q

Prints

A

Crucial tools for modern sciences and communication.

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73
Q

John Ruskin

A

Critic of print’s promised progress in art.

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74
Q

Civilizing art

A

Concept of engraving as a tool for civilization.

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75
Q

Photomechanical reproduction

A

Technique replacing engraving around 1900.

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76
Q

Standardization in reproduction

A

Engraving allowed consistent replication of images.

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77
Q

Visual strain

A

Physical challenge faced by engravers during work.

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78
Q

Burin

A

Tool used by engravers for cutting plates.

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79
Q

Opaque white lenses

A

Spectacles that paradoxically hindered the engraver’s vision.

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80
Q

Colonial desire

A

Gaze representing conquest in van der Straet’s work.

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81
Q

Artisan workshop

A

Space where engravers focused on material and labor.

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82
Q

Engraver’s spectacles

A

Designed to aid vision but highlighted visual strain.

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83
Q

Labor of engraving

A

Detailed work requiring precision and skill.

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84
Q

Reproductive medium

A

Engraving’s role in disseminating images in the West.

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85
Q

Clarity of vision

A

Goal of engraving to enhance visual understanding.

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86
Q

Conditions of labor

A

Challenges faced by engravers in their workshops.

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87
Q

Visual communication

A

Engraving’s contribution to conveying ideas and information.

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88
Q

Historical context

A

Engraving’s evolution linked to societal advancements.

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89
Q

Materiality of prints

A

Physical characteristics influencing printed text perception.

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90
Q

Savage representation

A

Portrayal of indigenous people in ethnographic contexts.

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91
Q

Engraving process

A

Creating images by incising designs onto a hard surface.

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92
Q

White pebble metaphor

A

Symbolizes tangible impressions in printed works.

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93
Q

Opaque lenses

A

Engraver’s spectacles representing mediated perception.

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94
Q

Ethnographic image

A

Visual representation reflecting cultural and social contexts.

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95
Q

Civil-savage opposition

A

Binary framework contrasting civilized and primitive societies.

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96
Q

Material remainders

A

Physical remnants challenging stable representations.

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97
Q

Tattoo comparison

A

Engraving likened to body markings of indigenous people.

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98
Q

Idol worship

A

Reverence for physical representations in indigenous cultures.

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99
Q

Chief lord’s copper plate

A

Symbol of authority and cultural identity in representation.

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100
Q

Blankness of America

A

Concept of uncharted potential for cultural inscription.

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101
Q

Christian West’s view

A

Perception of ‘savage’ as materialistic and primitive.

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102
Q

Copper plate utility

A

European perspective on copper as a transformative tool.

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103
Q

Brass astrolabe

A

Navigational tool converting celestial observations into knowledge.

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104
Q

Copper as commodity

A

Valuable resource in early American trade and economy.

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105
Q

Mangoaks tribe

A

Indigenous group noted for decorative use of copper.

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106
Q

Hakluyt’s Principall Navigations

A

Document detailing early explorations and encounters.

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107
Q

De Bry’s engraving

A

Visual representation emphasizing indigenous cultural practices.

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108
Q

Representational economy

A

System of exchanging knowledge through printed images.

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109
Q

Transforming copper

A

Process of converting raw material into cultural knowledge.

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110
Q

Cultural authority

A

Power derived from symbols and material possessions.

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111
Q

Engraving workshop

A

Place where images were produced and knowledge disseminated.

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112
Q

de Bry’s Workshop

A

Site where copper sheets were transformed into prints.

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113
Q

Copper Engraving

A

Process of cutting

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114
Q

Sculptura

A

Work by van der Straet depicting engraving practices.

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115
Q

Token of Authority

A

Symbolic item representing power

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116
Q

Materiality of Engraving

A

Focus on physical aspects of engraving processes.

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117
Q

Savage Marks

A

Techniques representing Native Americans in early ethnography.

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118
Q

Tattooed Algonquian Warrior

A

Image raising questions about translating Native identities.

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119
Q

Translation of Marks

A

Converting tattoos into European alphabetical signs.

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120
Q

Engraver’s Burin

A

Tool used for inscribing designs on copper plates.

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121
Q

Humanist Network

A

Interconnected practices of writing and engraving around 1600.

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122
Q

Civilizing Quill

A

Symbol of civilized writing contrasting with savage tattoos.

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123
Q

Savage and Civil Distinction

A

Blurred lines between savage tattoos and civilized letters.

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124
Q

Engraving as Confrontation

A

Struggle to derive meaning from the engraving medium.

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125
Q

Representation’s Failure

A

Understanding the savage as a product of misrepresentation.

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126
Q

Roanoke Voyages

A

Colonial expeditions that prompted Native American translations.

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127
Q

Self-Portrait of de Bry

A

Declaration of authority in engraving tradition of Dürer.

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128
Q

Engraving Process Stages

A

Early stages include cutting

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129
Q

Cultural Representation

A

How cultures are depicted through artistic mediums.

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130
Q

Ethnographic Boundaries

A

Conceptual divisions between new world and old.

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131
Q

Intellectual Construct of Savage

A

The savage as a belief or symbol in Western thought.

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132
Q

Inscription Labor

A

Engraving work akin to tattooing practices.

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133
Q

Meaning from Matter

A

Creating significance through the physicality of engraving.

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134
Q

A Cheif Lord of Roanoac

A

Engraving symbolizing authority and cultural identity.

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135
Q

Engraving

A

Art of carving designs into hard surfaces.

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136
Q

Tattooing

A

Permanent ink designs on the skin.

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137
Q

Ornamentation

A

Decorative elements enhancing visual appeal.

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138
Q

Semiotic function

A

Significance of symbols in representation.

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139
Q

Hubert Damisch

A

Art theorist known for cloud symbolism.

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140
Q

Grotesque printer’s ornaments

A

Playful decorative elements in printed texts.

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141
Q

Perspectival representation

A

Art technique creating depth and space illusion.

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142
Q

Idolatry

A

Worship of physical objects as divine.

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143
Q

Protestant print culture

A

Print media reflecting Protestant beliefs and values.

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144
Q

Empirical inquiry

A

Investigation based on observation and experience.

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145
Q

Sensual desire

A

Strong attraction to sensory experiences.

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146
Q

Two-edged sword of perspective

A

Perspective both distances and draws viewers in.

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147
Q

Wood engraving

A

Printmaking technique using carved wooden blocks.

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148
Q

Halftone

A

Printing technique using varying dot sizes.

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149
Q

Colonial American history

A

Study of early American settlements and cultures.

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150
Q

Algonquians

A

Indigenous people of the Virginia region.

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151
Q

Twisting lines

A

Ornamental lines disrupting visual representation.

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152
Q

Smoky passages

A

Artistic representation of smoke in engravings.

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153
Q

Visual illusion

A

Trick of the eye in art perception.

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154
Q

Cultural representation

A

Portrayal of cultural identities in art.

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155
Q

Engraved reproductions

A

Copies of original art made through engraving.

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156
Q

Century Magazine

A

Publication featuring articles on American history.

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157
Q

Wood Engraver

A

Artist specializing in carving images on wood.

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158
Q

Ethnological Discourse

A

Discussion on cultures and societies in anthropology.

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159
Q

John Ruskin

A

Influential art critic advocating for craftsmanship.

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160
Q

Engraving Techniques

A

Methods used for creating engraved images.

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161
Q

Civilization Process

A

Evolutionary development of societies over time.

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162
Q

Reproductive Practice

A

Technique for replicating art or images.

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163
Q

Nineteenth-Century Investment

A

Cultural emphasis on evolution and progress.

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164
Q

Primitive Scratches

A

Basic

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165
Q

Western Representation

A

Portrayal of cultures from a Eurocentric perspective.

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166
Q

Cross-Cultural Communication

A

Interaction and exchange between different cultures.

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167
Q

De Bry Engravings

A

Visual representations by Theodor de Bry of the New World.

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168
Q

Technologies of Enchantment

A

Alfred Gell’s concept of captivating visual practices.

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169
Q

Indigenous Societies

A

Original inhabitants of a region or land.

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170
Q

Negotiation Encounters

A

Interactions between different cultural groups.

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171
Q

Engraving Techniques

A

Methods for creating detailed images on surfaces.

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172
Q

Cultural History

A

Study of how cultures evolve over time.

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173
Q

Visual Practices

A

Methods of creating and interpreting visual art.

174
Q

Savage Constructs

A

Western ideas about ‘savage’ cultures

175
Q

Engagement with Cultures

A

Interaction and understanding between diverse societies.

176
Q

Art of Scratch

A

Ruskin’s term for basic engraving methods.

177
Q

Alfred Gell

A

Anthropologist known for theories on art and culture.

178
Q

Sir Walter Raleigh

A

Explorer who promoted colonization of Virginia.

179
Q

Harriot’s Report

A

Document aimed at promoting Virginia’s colonization.

180
Q

Harriot

A

Author evaluating Virginia’s colonial prospects.

181
Q

Coloniology

A

Study of colonial aims through ethnological data.

182
Q

De Bry

A

Engraver who illustrated Virginia’s inhabitants.

183
Q

John White

A

Artist whose watercolors informed de Bry’s engravings.

184
Q

Engraving

A

Artistic technique for producing images on surfaces.

185
Q

Ethnography

A

Study of cultures and peoples through observation.

186
Q

Comparative ethnology

A

Analysis of cultures by comparing different societies.

187
Q

Roman alphabet

A

Writing system used in the Report’s text.

188
Q

Writer’s quill

A

Tool for writing

189
Q

Engraver’s burin

A

Chisel used for carving images into metal.

190
Q

Doryphorus

A

Classical sculpture type

191
Q

Contrapposto

A

Artistic pose showing weight shift in figures.

192
Q

Tattoo

A

Permanent skin marking

193
Q

Marks of sundrye

A

Title of engraving depicting Virginia’s chief men.

194
Q

Mannerist gesture

A

Complex pose reflecting emotional or aesthetic expression.

195
Q

Ethnological science

A

Field studying cultures

196
Q

Visual strategies

A

Techniques to represent and promote colonial interests.

197
Q

Engraving techniques

A

Methods used to create detailed images in print.

198
Q

Cultural representation

A

Portrayal of a culture’s practices and beliefs.

199
Q

Signification levels

A

Multiple meanings conveyed through visual and textual elements.

200
Q

Watercolor drawings

A

Artistic technique used by John White for illustrations.

201
Q

Ancient inhabitants of Britain

A

Depicted to compare with Virginia’s indigenous peoples.

202
Q

Ethnographic images

A

Visual representations of cultural practices and people.

203
Q

Investment advertisement

A

Promotional aspect encouraging colonial ventures in Virginia.

204
Q

Primary Subject Matter

A

Factual description of a picture’s content.

205
Q

Secondary Subject Matter

A

Iconographical meaning beyond primary observations.

206
Q

Iconography

A

Study of symbols and their meanings in art.

207
Q

Iconology

A

Interpretation of cultural context in visual art.

208
Q

Emblem of the Savage

A

Arrows symbolize the depiction of American Indians.

209
Q

Schematic Arrow Form

A

Abstract representation of arrows in tattoos.

210
Q

Tattoo Designs

A

Symbols indicating identity and origin among natives.

211
Q

Phonetic Signs

A

Familiar Latin alphabet letters indexing tattoos.

212
Q

Cultural Translation

A

Decoding foreign symbols into familiar European signs.

213
Q

Allegorical Representation

A

Symbolic depiction conveying deeper meanings or themes.

214
Q

Vespucci’s Mundus Novus

A

Early depiction of New World natives in art.

215
Q

De Bry’s Engraving

A

Visual translation of Native American identity for Europeans.

216
Q

Tattoos as Identity Markers

A

Symbols indicating tribal affiliation and status.

217
Q

Historical Context

A

Understanding art through its cultural and temporal background.

218
Q

Visual Communication

A

Use of images to convey messages and meanings.

219
Q

Cultural Otherness

A

Representation of unfamiliar cultures through European perspectives.

220
Q

Sixteenth Century Virginia

A

Historical setting for the observed native practices.

221
Q

Woodcut Frontispiece

A

Illustrative print serving as a book’s cover image.

222
Q

Native American Symbolism

A

Cultural meanings embedded in indigenous art forms.

223
Q

Primary vs Secondary Meanings

A

Distinction between direct observation and deeper significance.

224
Q

Observation and Reflection

A

Encouragement to analyze visual elements critically.

225
Q

Cultural Familiarity

A

Understanding foreign symbols through known cultural references.

226
Q

Standard Element in Depiction

A

Commonly recognized symbols in artistic representations.

227
Q

Visual Juxtaposition

A

Contrasting different signs to question meaning.

228
Q

Savage Tattoos

A

Body art representing indigenous cultural identity.

229
Q

Civilized Letters

A

Alphabetical writing symbolizing European authority.

230
Q

Illusionistic Arrows

A

Visual representations suggesting depth or perspective.

231
Q

Arrow-shaped Tattoos

A

Body art mimicking the form of arrows.

232
Q

Ethnographic Knowledge

A

Understanding cultures through observation and interpretation.

233
Q

Transcendent Authority of Writing

A

Writing’s perceived superiority in knowledge transmission.

234
Q

Writing Lesson

A

Teaching literacy through visual representation of culture.

235
Q

Alphabetical Writing

A

System of writing using letters to convey meaning.

236
Q

Humanist Grammars

A

Texts promoting literacy and cultural superiority in Europe.

237
Q

Colonial Authority

A

Power derived from cultural and linguistic dominance.

238
Q

Year 1492

A

Significant for conquests and linguistic advancements.

239
Q

Elio Antonio de Nebrija

A

Author of the first Spanish grammar book.

240
Q

Grammatical Mission

A

Civilizing efforts through teaching language and writing.

241
Q

Civil Self

A

Identity shaped by literacy and cultural norms.

242
Q

Savagery vs. Civilization

A

Oppositional concepts defining cultural hierarchies.

243
Q

Civic Literacy

A

Ability to read and write as a civil virtue.

244
Q

Engraving of The Marckes

A

Visual representation questioning cultural signification.

245
Q

Bodily Identification

A

Connecting viewer’s physicality with depicted subjects.

246
Q

Cultural Interpretation

A

Understanding cultures through their symbols and signs.

247
Q

Material Body

A

Physical form representing primal communication methods.

248
Q

Preverbal Communication

A

Non-linguistic forms of expressing meaning.

249
Q

Chain of Signification

A

Process of interpreting signs to derive meaning.

250
Q

de Bry’s engraving

A

Teaches letters and body discipline simultaneously.

251
Q

Pictorial register

A

Visual representation of the tattooed body.

252
Q

Textual apparatus

A

Site of knowledge containing images’ meanings.

253
Q

Proto-ethnographic discourse

A

Early discourse analyzing cultural practices and objects.

254
Q

Savage communication

A

Material tattoo as primitive form of expression.

255
Q

Civil communication

A

Letters viewed as transcending material representation.

256
Q

Cultural graphology

A

Study of writing’s relationship with material forms.

257
Q

Material supports

A

Physical mediums that influence writing’s meaning.

258
Q

Juliet Fleming

A

Argues tattoos reveal writing’s material significance.

259
Q

William Camden

A

Antiquarian who documented ancient bodily markings.

260
Q

John Speed

A

Wrote about ancient inhabitants’ body markings.

261
Q

Thomas Harriot

A

Documented American tattooing practices.

262
Q

Samuel Purchas

A

Provided accounts of tattooing in America.

263
Q

Descriptive language

A

Rich language reflecting European writing practices.

264
Q

Tattoo vs. letter

A

Explores common materiality and meaning similarities.

265
Q

Arrows as emblems

A

Symbolize difference in European iconography.

266
Q

Iconography of otherness

A

Visual symbols representing cultural differences.

267
Q

Cesare Ripa

A

Authored ‘Iconologia’

268
Q

Jean de Léry

A

Wrote about Tupinamba in Brazil.

269
Q

Savage condition

A

Represented by figures holding bows and arrows.

270
Q

Iconographical interpretation

A

Analyzes images for external meanings.

271
Q

Physical properties of letters

A

Material aspects influencing meaning perception.

272
Q

Countenance

A

Maintaining dignity through cultural symbols.

273
Q

Signifying Mark

A

Material body subordinated to emblematic value.

274
Q

Iconography

A

Study of cultural symbols and their meanings.

275
Q

Opaque Signifiers

A

Material traces of specific representational practices.

276
Q

Reflexivity

A

Arrows point back to the subject’s body.

277
Q

Labor of Inscription

A

Process of creating meaning through representation.

278
Q

De Bry’s Engraving

A

Illustrates translation of American bodies in art.

279
Q

Contradictory Readings

A

Two interpretations of representation coexist simultaneously.

280
Q

Humanism

A

Ideological context influencing colonial representations.

281
Q

Colonialism

A

Historical practice of acquiring control over foreign lands.

282
Q

Ethnological Discourse

A

Study of cultures and their representations.

283
Q

Historical Field of Mediation

A

Technologies and practices shaping representation.

284
Q

Power Structures

A

Hierarchies influencing cultural and ideological contexts.

285
Q

Meta-Picture

A

Image that allows for multiple interpretations.

286
Q

Self-Referential

A

Pictures that reflect on their own representation.

287
Q

Civility and Savagery

A

Concepts emerging in early modern European culture.

288
Q

Undecidable Space

A

Ambiguity between letters and tattoos in representation.

289
Q

Tattoos

A

Body markings representing identity and culture.

290
Q

Letters

A

Written symbols conveying language and meaning.

291
Q

Visual Meditation

A

Reflection on how images produce meaning.

292
Q

Ambivalence

A

Uncertainty in colonial representation and interpretation.

293
Q

Historical Parameters

A

Contextual boundaries shaping cultural understanding.

294
Q

Arrows in Representation

A

Symbols indicating direction toward cultural meanings.

295
Q

Translation of Bodies

A

Process of interpreting cultural identities through art.

296
Q

Joseph-François Lafitau

A

Jesuit author of comparative ethnology texts.

297
Q

Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains

A

1724 work comparing American Indian customs.

298
Q

Comparative ethnology

A

Study of cultural similarities across societies.

299
Q

Frontispiece

A

Illustrative page preceding a book’s text.

300
Q

Scientific method

A

Systematic observation and experimentation process.

301
Q

Visual allegory

A

Symbolic representation conveying deeper meanings.

302
Q

Ethnographer’s muse

A

Inspiration for ethnographic writing and analysis.

303
Q

Religious artifacts

A

Objects representing spiritual beliefs and practices.

304
Q

The figure of Writing

A

Symbol of ethnographic documentation and analysis.

305
Q

The figure of Time

A

Represents historical context in Lafitau’s work.

306
Q

Mystic vision

A

Symbolic depiction of religious origins and narratives.

307
Q

Biblical nature

A

Foundation of Lafitau’s ethnographic framework.

308
Q

New science

A

Emergence of systematic study during the Enlightenment.

309
Q

Disordered collection

A

Chaotic arrangement of artifacts for analysis.

310
Q

Evidentiary foundations

A

Basis of evidence supporting ethnographic claims.

311
Q

Forty-one engraved plates

A

Illustrations accompanying Lafitau’s comparative project.

312
Q

Universal religious system

A

Theoretical framework unifying diverse religious beliefs.

313
Q

Material letter

A

Written text representing physical artifacts.

314
Q

Transparent sign

A

Symbolic representation devoid of material constraints.

315
Q

Foucault’s classical episteme

A

Framework where language becomes neutral and transparent.

316
Q

Nonspace

A

Conceptual space where materiality is minimized.

317
Q

Renaissance episteme

A

Worldview emphasizing signs and resemblances.

318
Q

Fragmentary evidence

A

Incomplete data used for constructing ethnographic narratives.

319
Q

De Bry’s Letters

A

Index tattoos and convey material interests.

320
Q

Rational Goal

A

Aim to assimilate savages into civilized order.

321
Q

Illustrated Title Page

A

Comparison to Lafitau’s frontispiece for context.

322
Q

Kiwasa

A

Algonquian idol worshipped in de Bry’s engraving.

323
Q

Social Hierarchy

A

Represents proper order in Algonquian society.

324
Q

Architectural Forms

A

Symbolize civilized order in de Bry’s work.

325
Q

Heathenism

A

False worship of idols instead of true God.

326
Q

Civilized Order

A

Material structure contrasting with ethereal ideals.

327
Q

Nova Alphabet

A

Twenty-four letters designed by de Bry in 1595.

328
Q

Letter A

A

Linked to the Fall in de Bry’s engraving.

329
Q

Tree of Knowledge

A

Symbolizes knowledge and disobedience in Genesis.

330
Q

Satan’s Serpent

A

Represents temptation in the form of a female.

331
Q

Divine Soul

A

Guided by the letter after Adam’s disobedience.

332
Q

Prelapsarian Condition

A

State of innocence before Adam and Eve’s fall.

333
Q

Foundational Support

A

Letters provide basis for civilized social order.

334
Q

Memory Recovery

A

Possibility of returning to original state through letters.

335
Q

Engraving Technique

A

Method used by de Bry to convey complex ideas.

336
Q

Cultural Assimilation

A

Process of integrating indigenous people into civilization.

337
Q

Ethnographic Representation

A

Depicts indigenous societies through European perspectives.

338
Q

Material Ethnography

A

Focus on tangible aspects of cultural representation.

339
Q

Sixteenth-Century Ideal

A

Reflects European views on social order and hierarchy.

340
Q

Disobedience Mark

A

Alphabetical order signifies Adam and Eve’s fall.

341
Q

Engraving Context

A

Visual art used to communicate cultural narratives.

342
Q

Prelapsarian Speech

A

Speech before the Fall of Adam and Eve.

343
Q

De Bry’s Engraving

A

Illustration linking letters to human origins.

344
Q

Alphabetical Support

A

Foundation for recovering origins in fallen world.

345
Q

Adam and A

A

First man linked to first letter of alphabet.

346
Q

John Barrett

A

Author discussing letter A’s significance in 1580.

347
Q

An Alvearie

A

Dictionary by John Barrett from 1580.

348
Q

Sacred Books

A

Sources of knowledge about Adam’s actions.

349
Q

Lafitau

A

Ethnologist separating fall from written narrative.

350
Q

Ethnographic Allegory

A

Representation aligning writing with knowledge production.

351
Q

Nova Alphati

A

Work illustrating the connection between letters and origins.

352
Q

Renaissance Literature

A

Explores historical origins of writing and letters.

353
Q

Thomas Harriot

A

Commented on Indians’ lack of letters affecting history.

354
Q

Algonquians

A

Indigenous group with inverted origin stories.

355
Q

Confusion of Origins

A

Result of lacking written records in cultures.

356
Q

Fatal Deed

A

Adam’s action leading to the Fall.

357
Q

Knowledge Production

A

Process of creating understanding through letters.

358
Q

Tradition

A

Method of passing history orally through generations.

359
Q

Ethnologist

A

Scholar studying cultures through written records.

360
Q

Judeo-Christian Narrative

A

Story of fall and redemption in scripture.

361
Q

Alphabet

A

System of letters used for communication.

362
Q

Writing Origins

A

Debate over where and when writing began.

363
Q

Visualizing Desire

A

Concept of seeking origins through representation.

364
Q

Historical Origins

A

Multiple narratives explaining the beginnings of writing.

365
Q

Harriot’s Phonetic Alphabet

A

A system to communicate with Algonquians.

366
Q

Civilization Narrative

A

Progress from savage to civilized societies.

367
Q

Scriptural Order

A

Hierarchy established through written letters.

368
Q

De Bry’s Engravings

A

Visual representation of New World ethnology.

369
Q

Temporal Relationships

A

Connections between time and spatial distance.

370
Q

Ethnological Science

A

Study of human cultures and their development.

371
Q

Relativized Temporality

A

Concept that time varies across cultures.

372
Q

Eighteenth-Century Frontispiece

A

Artwork representing the transition of knowledge.

373
Q

Material Letter

A

Physical form of writing linking cultures.

374
Q

Orality vs. Literacy

A

Contrast between spoken and written communication.

375
Q

Engraving of the Fall

A

Depiction illustrating the struggle for authority.

376
Q

Nova Alphati

A

De Bry’s work linking letters to civilization.

377
Q

Confused Savages

A

Perception of Native Americans by Europeans.

378
Q

Scriptural Closure

A

Letters bridging gaps in understanding history.

379
Q

Comparative Ethnology

A

Study comparing different cultures and societies.

380
Q

Savage Marks

A

Symbols representing indigenous peoples’ identities.

381
Q

Sacred History

A

Religious narrative encompassing all peoples’ timelines.

382
Q

Johannes Fabian

A

Scholar who analyzed temporal relations in ethnology.

383
Q

Physical World

A

Concept where time is linked to space.

384
Q

Cultural Maturation

A

Process of societies evolving towards civilization.

385
Q

Ethnologist’s Task

A

Mapping temporal relationships in human origins.

386
Q

Allegorical Figure of Time

A

Symbol representing the transition from letters to time.

387
Q

Cultural Hybridity

A

Aesthetic emphasizing diversity in art forms.

388
Q

Juan Baptista Cuiris

A

Artist known for ‘Mournful Virgin’ painting.

389
Q

Georges Trubert

A

Creator of ‘The Weeping Virgin’ painting.

390
Q

Renaissance Venice

A

Period highlighting Venice’s artistic developments.

391
Q

Renaissance France

A

Artistic movements and styles in France during Renaissance.

392
Q

Western Influence

A

Impact of Western art on global cultures.

393
Q

Paul Wood

A

Art historian discussing aesthetics in Venice.

394
Q

Pisanello

A

Renaissance artist known for medals and portraits.

395
Q

Mehmed II

A

Ottoman Sultan depicted in various Renaissance artworks.

396
Q

Gentile Bellini

A

Italian painter known for portraits and historical scenes.

397
Q

Self-portrait

A

Artist’s representation of themselves in artwork.

398
Q

Turkish Janissary

A

Elite Ottoman infantry depicted in Renaissance art.

399
Q

Allegorical Portrait

A

Art representing abstract ideas through imagery.

400
Q

Erhard Reuwich

A

Artist known for travel illustrations in the 1480s.

401
Q

Liber chronicarum

A

Chronicle featuring views of Venice and beyond.

402
Q

St. Mark Preaching

A

Bellini’s work depicting a biblical scene in Alexandria.

403
Q

Bowcase and Quiver

A

Accessories for archery depicted in Renaissance art.

404
Q

Medal of John VIII Palaeologus

A

Commemorative piece from the Renaissance era.

405
Q

Sketches of John VIII Palaiologos

A

Drawings from his visit to Florence in 1438.

406
Q

Portrait of Mehmet II

A

Various representations of the Ottoman Sultan in art.

407
Q

Sarazenen in Bernhard von Breydenbach

A

Illustration depicting Saracens in a travel account.

408
Q

Aesthetic of Diversity

A

Artistic approach celebrating varied cultural influences.

409
Q

Anonymous Venetian painting

A

‘The Reception of the Ambassadors in Damascus’

410
Q

Textile Fragment

A

Mamluk Emblem

411
Q

Georges Trubert

A

Artist of ‘The Weeping Virgin’

412
Q

Nicolas Froment

A

Created ‘René of Anjou’ in 1474.

413
Q

Barthélemy d’Eyck

A

Artist of ‘La Vierge au Voile Bleu’

414
Q

Alessio Baldovinetti

A

Stained-Glass Oculus

415
Q

René of Anjou

A

Owner of Levantine objects described in inventories.

416
Q

Levantine objects

A

Items listed as ‘à la façon orientale’.

417
Q

Barthélemy d’Eyck’s works

A

Included ‘Livre du cœur d’amour épris’

418
Q

The Hours of René of Anjou

A

A manuscript by Barthélemy d’Eyck

419
Q

Abraham Cresques

A

Creator of ‘The Catalan Atlas’

420
Q

The Tomb of Askia

A

Late fifteenth-century structure located in Gao

421
Q

Ortelius’s Theatrum orbis terrarum

A

Map of Africa published in Antwerp

422
Q

Carved ivory salt-cellar

A

Depicts Madonna

423
Q

Sierra Leone salt-cellar

A

Carved elephant ivory

424
Q

Featherworkers in the Florentine Codex

425
Q

The Mass of St. Gregory

A

Oldest feather work with Christian subject

426
Q

Diego Huanutzin

A

Presented ‘The Mass of Saint Gregory’ to Pope Paul III.

427
Q

Israhel van Meckenem

A

Artist of ‘The Mass of Saint Gregory’

428
Q

Benin Bronzes

A

Cultural artifacts linked to colonial violence and restitution.

429
Q

Salt-cellar of carved elephant ivory

430
Q

Salt cellar of elephant ivory

A

Sierra Leone