week 8 Flashcards
Polychrome Painting
Colorful depiction of Bushman hunting ostriches.
Foreshortening
Artistic technique for depicting depth and perspective.
Human-Animal Figures
Represent shamans or spirits in rock art.
Cave Wall Motifs
Include crosses and shields in African rock art.
Judgment Platform
Site where chiefs use crucifix as symbol.
Ancient Manufacture
Artifacts dated to ancient times in Nigeria.
Wakuri River State
Location of ancient art discoveries.
Enyong Division
Area with significant archaeological findings.
Museum Collections
Institutions housing important African art artifacts.
Bronze-casting
Metalworking technique using molten bronze.
Terracotta
Clay-based ceramic material used for sculptures.
Lost wax process
Method for casting metal sculptures.
Nok culture
Ancient culture in Nigeria known for terracotta.
Jebba Island
Location of significant bronze castings in Nigeria.
Huntsman style
Sculptural style identified by William **.
Radiocarbon dating
Method for determining age of organic materials.
Iron-working industry
Production of iron tools and artifacts.
Sculptural tradition
Cultural practices related to creating sculptures.
Congo Basin
Region known for unique sculptural expressions.
Animal figures
Sculptures representing various animal forms.
Moister climate
Environmental condition affecting preservation of wood sculptures.
Engravings on rock
Carvings made on rock surfaces
Bronze Industries
Manufacturers specializing in bronze sculpture production.
Water-lain deposits
Sediments deposited by water
Polished stone axes
Tools made from finely finished stone.
Sculpture dating
Process of determining the age of sculptures.
Cultural relationships
Connections between different sculptural traditions.
Animal form vessels
Containers shaped like animals
Nigeria’s traditions
Rich heritage of metal and terracotta sculpture.
Sculptural evidence
Artifacts that provide insights into historical practices.
Thermoluminescence dating
Technique for dating ceramics and sediments.
Sculptural development
Evolution of sculptural styles over time.
Subtractive Technique
Carving by removing material from a mass.
Additive Technique
Building up material gradually
Terracotta
Clay fired to create durable sculptures.
Cubistic Representation
Art style emphasizing geometric shapes.
Nok Sculptures
Ancient terracotta figures from Nigeria.
Plastic Medium
Malleable material
Characteristic Nok Style
Distinctive artistic features of Nok sculptures.
Height of Nok Figures
Ranges from 10 cm to over 120 cm.
Simplified Human Figures
Stylized representations resembling tubes or cylinders.
Naturalistic Animal Figures
Realistic depictions of animals in Nok art.
Elaborate Hair-Style
Intricate designs often featured on human heads.
Pierced Pupils
Stylized eye feature in Nok and Yoruba masks.
Cylindrical Head Form
Common shape for human heads in Nok sculptures.
Cultural Significance
Nok art reflects ancient traditions and beliefs.
Witchcraft Accusations
Fear reflected in cultural representations and masks.
Gelede Masks
Masks used in Yoruba culture
Incomplete Survival
Many Nok pieces are not fully preserved.
Kuchamfa Figure
Surviving lower part measuring almost 60 cm.
Himmelheber’s Observation
Noted stylistic features may show convergence.
Franco-Cantabrian Rock Art
Upper Paleolithic art showing naturalistic human treatment.
Cultural Reflection
Nok sculptures embody historical artistic traditions.
Motorcycle Mask
Represents modern themes in traditional mask-making.
Nok Culture
Ancient West African civilization known for terracotta sculptures.
Ife Art Style
Artistic tradition from Yoruba peoples
Tubular Head Form
Distinctive head shape seen in Nok sculptures.
Terracotta Sculpture
Clay-based art form used by Nok and Ife cultures.
Yoruba Peoples
Ethnic group in Southwestern Nigeria
Stylized Human Figures
Highly abstract representations of humans in art.
Naturalistic Representations
Art that closely resembles real-life subjects.
Cultural Connection
Link between different artistic traditions across regions.
Bronze Sculpture
Metal art form developed in Ife
Idealized Naturalism
Art style combining realistic and idealized human features.
Archaeological Stratigraphy
Layering of soil used to date artifacts.
Nomoli Figures
Sierra Leone sculptures with similar features to Nok art.
Afro-Portuguese Ivories
16th-century carvings reflecting African and Portuguese influences.
Dakakari People
Group near Nok culture
Tiv People
Ethnic group in Nigeria
Conical Heads
Sculptural feature combining stylization with naturalistic elements.
Radiocarbon Dating
Method used to determine age of organic materials.
Life-Size Sculpture
Artworks created to human scale
Sculptural Style
Distinctive artistic approach defining a culture’s artwork.
Simplification of Forms
Reduction of complex shapes in artistic representations.
Cultural History
Study of the development and characteristics of a culture.
Artistic Tradition
Established style or method of creating art over time.
Ife
An ancient Yoruba city known for its art.
Nok culture
Early West African civilization known for terracotta sculptures.
Radiocarbon dating
Method to determine age of organic materials.
Obalara’s Land
Site associated with Garlake’s archaeological findings.
Thurstan Shaw
Archaeologist known for Igbo-Ukwu excavations.
Igbo-Ukwu
Site in Nigeria with rich bronze artifacts.
Bronzes
Metal artworks from Igbo-Ukwu
Terracotta heads
Sculptures from Ife
Naturalistic style
Art style emphasizing realistic representation of subjects.
Copper mask
Ife art piece intended for burial rituals.
Obalufon
Legendary figure represented in Ife sculptures.
Dogon people
Ethnic group known for unique artistic traditions.
Tellem
Ancient group preceding the Dogon
Egungun mask
Traditional mask used in Yoruba rituals.
Moderately stylized
Art that balances realism and abstraction.
Sculptural continuity
Evolution of artistic expression over time.
Artistic expression
The way artists convey ideas through their work.
Sacrificial matter
Substances used in rituals
Cultural overlap
Shared characteristics between different artistic traditions.
Ancestral style
Art style that influences later artistic developments.
Bead representation
Artistic depiction of beads in sculptures.
Naturalism shift
Transition towards more realistic representations in art.
Ife court
Royalty that influenced the artistic direction of Ife.
Artistic philosophy
Underlying beliefs that guide artistic creation.
Yoruba Sculpture
Artistic tradition from southwestern Nigeria.
Naturalism
Artistic style emphasizing realistic representation.
Ife
Ancient Yoruba city known for sculpture.
Ibibio Sculpture
Art from southeastern Nigeria
Terracotta Head
Sculpture representing human head
Egungun Head-Dress
Ceremonial attire symbolizing ancestral spirits.
Bronze Altar Stand
Decorative stand used in religious ceremonies.
Igbo-Ukwu
Archaeological site known for rich bronze artifacts.
Afro-Portuguese Ivories
Ivory carvings influenced by Portuguese art.
Ceremonial Staff
Object used in rituals
Coloured Beads
Decorative elements made from glass and stone.
Cultural Similarity
Shared traits among different artistic traditions.
Nineteenth-Century Artifacts
Objects created during the 1800s.
Sculptural Naturalism
Focus on lifelike representation in sculpture.
Modern Yoruba Sculpture
Contemporary art reflecting traditional Yoruba themes.
Soapstone Carving
Sculpture made from soft metamorphic rock.
Openwork Panels
Decorative panels with cut-out designs.
Snakes and Spiders Motif
Common decorative elements in African art.
Cultural Artifacts
Objects representing the culture of a society.
Mokuro Stream
Location associated with ancient Yoruba gold-mining.
Ancient Ilesha
Site of significant archaeological findings in Nigeria.
Sierra Leone Artifacts
Cultural objects from the Sierra Leone region.
European Influence
Impact of European styles on African art.
Benin Sculptors
Artisans from Benin known for intricate carvings.
Nomoli Figures
Sierra Leone sculptures resembling Benin art style.
European Explorers
Travelers who sought Africa’s economic resources.
Hybrid Styles
Artworks combining African and European artistic elements.
Manchester Museum
Location housing early African art collections.
Sande Society
Group focused on educating young girls in Liberia.
Vai Masks
Masks used in rituals by the Vai people.
Wood Sculptures
Carved wooden artworks from Sierra Leone region.
Bulom People
Ethnic group skilled in ivory and mat crafting.
James Welsh
Englishman who documented Benin’s ivory craftsmanship.
Ivory Spoons
Curved utensils made from elephant tusks.
Wieckmann Collection
Museum collection featuring African art from Ulm.
Raffia Fibre Bag
Bag made from raffia
Yoruba Sculpture
Art from the Yoruba people of Nigeria.
Offering Board
Carved board used in Yoruba divination rituals.
Ifa Divination
Yoruba practice of seeking guidance from oracles.
Ardra
Location noted for collecting African art in Europe.
Cultural Misunderstanding
European view of African art as ‘loathsome’.
Ancestor Altars
Structures for honoring deceased family members.
Eshu
Yoruba deity representing uncertainty and chance.
Ivory Bracelets
Ornamental wrist pieces made from ivory.
Artistic Similarity
Continuity in style from 17th century to present.
Portuguese Trade
Involvement in buying African ivory and crafts.
Divination
A practice to gain insight or guidance.
Benin
Historical kingdom in present-day Nigeria.
Dahomey
Former kingdom in present-day Benin.
Yoruba
Ethnic group primarily in Nigeria.
Gelede mask
Cultural mask used in Yoruba rituals.
Chihongo
Male mask symbolizing wealth in BaJokwe culture.
BaJokwe
Artistic style associated with the BaJokwe people.
Staff of office
Symbolic staff representing authority or leadership.
Ulm Museum
Museum housing African art collections.
British Museum
Museum in London with extensive global collections.
Weickmann Collection
Collection of African artifacts
Mintadi sculptures
Sculptures representing ancestors in African tradition.
Heathen practices
Term used to describe non-Christian rituals.
Governor John H. Glover
Lieutenant-Governor involved in collecting artifacts.
European oil-paints
Paints imported from Europe
Elephant head ornament
Decorative element symbolizing strength or power.
Twin figures
Sculptures representing duality in Yoruba culture.
Abeokuta
City in Nigeria known for Yoruba heritage.
Christianity’s influence
Impact of Christianity on African cultural practices.
Cross River area
Region in Nigeria known for rich cultural heritage.
Sailing-ship figureheads
Carvings inspired by European maritime traditions.
Ardra (Allada)
Location in Benin known for divination artifacts.
Upholstery nails
Decorative nails used in furniture and art.
Governor Beecroft
Collector of artifacts from Old Calabar.
Old Calabar
Location where artifacts were collected pre-1854.
National Museum
Institution housing collected artifacts.
Afro-Portuguese ivories
Art influenced by European craftsmanship.
Benin Punitive Expedition
Royal Navy seized artifacts as reparations.
Leo Frobenius
Explorer known for Inner Africa Expedition.
Inner Africa Expedition
Frobenius’s journey to study African art.
H. Ling Roth
Author of significant books on African art.
Ijo figures
Wooden figures representing family members.
King Ockiya
Subject of Ijo family figures.
Brass trading port
Historical site for trade in artifacts.
Janus head mask
Dual-faced mask from Cross River area.
Ekoi people
Originators of the Janus head mask.
Davyhulme County School
Presented mask to Manchester Museum.
Twin figures
Ritual objects related to twin births.
Ritual feeding
Practice for the figure of the dead twin.
Igbo carvers
Known for geometric ornamentation in art.
Awka area doors
Doors providing cultural insights from Niger.
Documentation issues
Lack of records limits art historical study.
Ethnographic collections
Museum collections of cultural artifacts.
C.H. Read and O.M. Dalton
Catalogers of Benin antiquities in 1899.
A.H. Lane
Author of 1900 work on Benin art.
Kjersmeier
Criticized inadequate documentation in art collections.
Ibn Battuta
14th-century traveler who documented African culture.
Nyani
A town in modern Bambaraland
Lagos
Major city in Nigeria
Agbogho Mmwo
Maiden Spirit mask used in funerals.
Opanwa
Masks representing girls in social comment plays.
Ikenga
Personal shrines ensuring physical power.
Scarification
Body markings indicating rank among the Igbo.
Pacheco Pereira
European traveler describing African idol worship.
Idolators
Term used for Africans by early Europeans.
Riverain Igbo
Igbo people living near riverbanks in Nigeria.
Bini
People in Benin known for distinct body marks.
Fetishes
Objects believed to have magical powers.
Masquerader
Performer mimicking women’s activities in rituals.
Cultural Practices
Customs maintained prior to Islam’s introduction.
Pottery Sculpture
Art form for altar offerings in rituals.
Gong
Instrument used in ceremonial contexts.
Animal Sacrifice
Ritual act involving offering animals.
Children’s Figures
Representations of children in ceremonial art.
Altar
Sacred space for offerings and worship.
Niger Delta
Region in Nigeria known for cultural diversity.
Masquerade Festivals
Events featuring elaborate costumes and performances.
Cultural Memory
Tradition of recalling ancestors’ good deeds.
Idols
Sculptures worshipped by local communities.
Cultural Economy
Local way of life focused on resource management.
African Mask
Earliest illustration in European literature
Froger
Author of Relation d’un Voyage
Circumcision Costume
Traditional attire worn after circumcision in Gambia.
Nomoli
Spiritual figures set up in rice-fields by Mende.
Kissi
Group that refers to spiritual figures as pomdo.
Antelope Mask
Type of mask worn by ** culture.
Zamble Mask
Represents beauty and strength in its design.
Benin Bronze Casting
Art form depicting historical figures and events.
Pieter de Marees
Documented burial practices in Benin
Bini Sculptures
Confirm details of Benin’s historical representations.
Hottentot Houses
Described with engineering precision by Peter Kolb.
Gura
Cultural group associated with specific mask styles.
Froger’s Illustration
First depiction of African mask in European texts.
River Gambia
Location significant for circumcision traditions.
Mende
Ethnic group known for rice-field protective figures.
Lemaire’s Sketches
Illustrated houses in West Africa
Dapper
Published illustrations of Benin in 1668.
Engineering Drawings
Detailed architectural representations by early travelers.
Bronze Castings
Used for creating detailed sculptures in Benin.
Cultural Representation
Art reflecting societal values and traditions.
Circumcision Rituals
Ceremonies involving traditional costumes and masks.
Rice Plants
Crops protected by spiritual figures in fields.
Travelers’ Illustrations
Visual documentation by explorers of African cultures.
Pieter de Marees
Author of 1603 account of Benin.
DeBry’s India Orientalis
Publication featuring illustrations of Benin.
Punitive Expedition
Military campaign affecting Benin’s artifacts.
Ethnologisches Museum
Museum in Berlin housing Benin artifacts.
Bronze box
Represents palace architecture in Benin.
Sculptured heads
Artistic representations on tall staff brackets.
Bronze plaques
Finest figure sculptures from Benin.
Dapper’s Nauwkeurige Beschrijvinge
Detailed description of Benin’s culture.
King’s procession
Ceremonial display involving musicians and warriors.
Altar in Benin City
Site where human skulls were observed.
Cast-bronze leg
Artifact from a large bird figure.
Wooden pillars
Covered with cast copper
Copper snake
Large serpent fixed atop a turret.
Human heads on sticks
Burial practice illustrated in Marees’s account.
Pyramidal towers
Architectural features represented in Benin art.
Bronze heads
Used in altars
David Nyendael
Visitor who described Benin’s palace in 1701.
Chimney-like turret
Tall structure described by Nyendael.
Python and bird of disaster
Symbolic figures in Benin art.
Court attendants
Figures depicted in bronze plaques.
Altar representations
Showcase of Benin’s religious practices.
Musicians and warriors
Key figures in royal processions.
Benin City
Cultural and historical center of Benin.
Benin Art
Art style from the Kingdom of Benin.
Ivory Tusk
Large tusk used in ancestor altars.
Copper Heads
Eleven men’s heads cast in copper.
Lgbile Mask
Mask used in water spirit cult.
Oba Osemwede
Benin ruler from 1816-1848.
Punitive Expedition 1897
Military action against Benin Kingdom.
Ughoton Delta
Location associated with lgbile cult.
Western Ijo Style
Art style influencing Benin sculptures.
Royal Ancestor Heads
Heads representing royal lineage in Benin.
Bronze-Casting Technique
Method used for creating Benin sculptures.
Scarification Patterns
Decorative skin markings on figures.
Wari Game Board
Board for a traditional African game.
Benin Plaques
Artworks depicting various societal roles.
Cultural Etiquette
Social norms within the Benin court.
Elephant’s Tooth
Material used in copper head sculptures.
Turrets
Decorative elements on Benin architecture.
Dry Armlets
Ornamental arm wear in Benin culture.
Coral Beads
Jewelry worn by Benin royalty.
Ekpo Mask
Ceremonial mask used in rituals.
Bini Art
Traditional art style of the Benin people.
National Museum
Lagos
Musee Royal de l’Afrique Centrale
Museum with African cultural collections.
Ba Kuba Chiefdoms
Ethnic groups known for wooden figures.
Benin
A historical kingdom in West Africa.
Carvings
Ornamental figures on posts and doors.
Statues
Figures of men and women in courtyards.
Old Oyo
Historical city referenced in 1826 accounts.
Clapperton
Explorer who documented Old Oyo in 1826.
Nyendael
Commentator on the excellence of Oyo carvings.
Koso
New site for the shrine of the king.
Shongo
Deity associated with thunder and lightning.
Installation ceremonies
Rituals for new kings in Oyo.
Houseposts
Support structures often ornately carved.
Libel
Artistic representation resembling the human face.
Bronze mask
Fine art piece worn by the Ataof Idah.
Ala of lgala
Title for the king of Idah.
Dapper
Historian providing insights on Benin art.
William Allen
Commander who documented Benin’s art in 1832.
Chronology of Benin art
Timeline anchored by the cessation of plaques.
Archaeology
Study of artifacts to understand history.
Yoruba sculpture
Art style featuring motifs of human figures.
Cultural orbit
Influence of Middle Eastern culture in Africa.
Gilt representation
Gold-plated artistic depiction of a face.
Sculptures
Three-dimensional art pieces
Motifs
Recurring themes in Yoruba art.
Baluster-like forms
Carvings resembling architectural support structures.
Refugees
People displaced
Islamic Influence
Impact of Islam on African art and culture.
Christian Influence
Impact of Christianity on African art and culture.
Egyptian Influence
Cultural effects of ancient Egypt on Africa.
Diffusionism
Theory attributing cultural spread from Egypt to Africa.
W.J. Perry
Proponent of the extreme Diffusionist school.
Elliot Smith
Collaborated with Perry on cultural diffusion theories.
Chronological Framework
System for organizing African historical events.
Cultural Achievement
Significant accomplishments of African peoples in history.
Hybrid Vigour
Cultural blending resulting in dynamic art forms.
Naturalistic Form
Realistic representation in Egyptian art.
Technical Skill
High craftsmanship evident in Egyptian artworks.
Ancestor Figures
Statues representing spiritual essence of ancestors.
Supernatural Force
Spiritual power associated with African statues.
Practical Art
Art serving functional
Rigidity of Form
Stiffness in pose characteristic of Egyptian art.
Frontality of Pose
Direct frontal representation in sculptures.
Lack of Facial Expression
Absence of emotion in Egyptian artistic representations.
Pre-Dynastic Egypt
Early Egyptian culture before the dynastic period.
Rock Engravings
Ancient carvings found in the Sahara.
Divine Kingship
Concept of kings as divine figures in Africa.
African Ethnography
Study of African cultures and societies.
Cultural Intrusions
Influences from outside cultures on African traditions.
Paul Bohannan
Anthropologist discussing Egypt’s cultural connections to Africa.
Canoe
A watercraft used in ancient Egypt.
Concentric Circles
Circles sharing the same center
Magical Ritual
Ceremony ensuring the spirit’s presence in art.
Tomb Statue
Sculpture representing the deceased in ideal form.
Realistic Rendering
Detailed depiction of human anatomy in art.
Portraiture
Artistic representation focusing on individual likeness.
Primitive Conception
Early artistic interpretation lacking modern realism.
African Orbit
Cultural context linking Egyptian art to Africa.
Akua Ba Doll
Ashanti doll symbolizing fertility and beauty ideals.
Ankh Symbol
Egyptian symbol representing life and immortality.
Chronology
Study of historical time and sequence of events.
Fanti Doll
Doll related to Ashanti culture
Idealized Beauty
Cultural standards of attractiveness represented in art.
Rectangular-Headed Type
Doll type desired for male offspring in Ashanti.
Round-Headed Type
Doll type desired for female offspring in Ashanti.
Terracotta Sculptures
Clay sculptures from Ashanti dating to 16th century.
Cultural Influence
Impact of one culture on another’s artistic expression.
Colonial Domination
Period of European control affecting African cultures.
Convergence
Development of similar traits in unrelated cultures.
Artistic Institutions
Structures supporting and promoting artistic practices.
Sculptural Form
Three-dimensional representation in art.
Expectant Mothers
Women carrying dolls to influence child’s beauty.
Historical Context
Background information influencing art and culture.
Independence
Period marking self-governance for African nations.
African Scholars
New generation studying African history objectively.
Rochdale Literary and Scientific Society
Founded in 1891
Tassili Art
Art from the Tassili n’Ajjer region.
Henri Lhote
Key figure in studying Tassili art.
Frobenius
Anthropologist known for studies on native art.
Die Kunst der Naturvölker
Frobenius’s work on art of indigenous peoples.
Bushman Paintings
Artworks studied for statistical analysis by Vinnicombe.
Statistical Basis
Methodology for defining African art styles.
Holmes Anniversary Volume
Published in 1916
Cultural Parallels
Comparative analysis of cultures for better understanding.
Hamlet’s Scene
Literary reference for understanding cultural expressions.
Classical African Sculpture
Study of significant African sculptural works.
Gottfried Semper
Influential theorist on aesthetics in arts.
Asmat Wood Carvers
Cultural artisans from New Guinea
Symbolism in Art
Study of meanings behind artistic expressions.
Permanent Beliefs
Enduring symbols and beliefs in cultures.
Continuous Experience
Cultural experiences evolve yet maintain core beliefs.
Griaule
Anthropologist noted for studies on African cultures.
Vinnicombe’s Study
1976 analysis of Bushman art techniques.
Cultural Refinement
Ongoing evolution of cultural beliefs and symbols.
Field-work
Research conducted in natural settings for data collection.
Anthropological Bulletin
Publication featuring research in anthropology.
Permanent beliefs
Enduring convictions shaping cultural identity.
Immutable stock
Unchanging collection of cultural symbols.
Refinement
Continuous improvement of cultural expressions.
Experience continuity
Feeling of unbroken connection through time.
Abstraktion und Einfohlung
Worringer’s work on abstraction and empathy.
T. E. Hulme
Summarized Worringer’s ideas in a lecture.
Cultural bibliography
Comprehensive list of related writings.
Sudanese Sculptures
Publication on Sudanese art
Historical Society of Nigeria
Published works on Yoruba society history.
Tradition and Individual Talent
Eliot’s essay on tradition’s role in creativity.
Jean Laude
Author of studies on art history.
R. J. Goldwater
Wrote on primitivism in modern painting.
Pitt-Rivers Papers
Contributions to anthropology and archaeology.
Decorative Art of British New Guinea
Study of art from British New Guinea.
Evolution of Culture
Essays exploring cultural development over time.
Traditional art critique
Analysis of the term ‘traditional’ in art.
Masks and Secret Societies
Study of African cultural practices.
Tassili dates
Chronological markers for prehistoric art.
Apollo 11 Cave
Site of Africa’s oldest dated artworks.
Cattle Period painting
Art from the Libyan extension of Tassili.
Twelfth-century deposit
Archaeological layer indicating specific historical context.
Lewis-Williams studies
Research on rock art and symbolism.
Cultural evolution
Process of change in artistic expressions.
Amino Acid Dating
Dating technique using paint’s amino acids.
Bushman Paintings
Rock art created by the Bushman people.
Uan Telocat
Site with ancient round-headed figure paintings.
Geji Rock Shelter
Location with overlapping contemporary painting styles.
Natural Gait Representation
Earlier art shows animals’ natural walking patterns.
Orun Oba Ado
Burial site for Benin kings’ heads.
Pit XI Dating
Burial pit dated to AD 560 ± 130.
Pit III Dating
Burial pit dated to AD 800 ± 120.
Pit V Dating
Burial pit dated to AD 1180 ± 120.
Pit VI Dating
Burial pit dated to AD 940 ± 150.
Pit VII Dating
Burial pit dated to AD 990 ± 130.
Cave Paintings
Artworks found in caves
Igbo-Ukwu
Archaeological site known for significant sculpture.
Nok Culture
Ancient culture now linked to Iron Age.
Rock Gongs
Musical instruments made from rock
Contemporary Use
Different painting styles used simultaneously in art.
Excavation Techniques
Methods used to uncover archaeological sites.
Cave Art Styles
Various artistic styles found in cave paintings.
Historical Context
Background information influencing art and archaeology.
African Art Discipline
Field studying art and archaeology in Africa.
Third Pan-African Congress
Event discussing African prehistory and archaeology.
Bauchi Cave Paintings
Recent discoveries of cave art in Nigeria.
Cultural History of Africa
Study of African peoples and their histories.
Rock Gongs
Musical instruments discovered in Nigeria’s prehistoric sites.
Nok Culture
Ancient civilization known for terracotta sculptures.
Iron Age
Period marked by widespread use of iron tools.
Polynesian Practices
Cultural traditions similar to those in Nigeria.
Bronze Snake Head
Artifact found in Benin’s old palace.
Divination
Spiritual practice for seeking guidance or answers.
Odu
Sections of oral literature used in divination.
Thermoluminescence Dating
Method for dating archaeological artifacts using heat.
Cross River Area
Region in Nigeria known for bronze artifacts.
Palm Nut Divination
Technique using nuts to determine answers in divination.
Hugh Clapperton
Explorer known for his travels in Africa.
William Bosman
Author of early descriptions of African cultures.
Cyril Aldred
Art historian focused on ancient Egyptian art.
Kingdoms in Negro Africa
Historical study of African political structures.
William **
Archaeologist known for work on Nigerian artifacts.
Abiodun et al.
Authors discussing African iconography and art.
Leuzinger
Referenced for illustrations of ancient artifacts.
Ling Roth
Historian noted for writings on African cultures.
Old Kingdom Art
Period in ancient Egypt known for monumental art.
Eipedition into the Interior
Exploratory work detailing African interior cultures.
Nigerian Asunaja Shrine
Location of significant bronze artifacts.
Oral Literature
Tradition of storytelling and knowledge transmission in Africa.
Islamization
Process of adopting Islamic practices and beliefs.
Carthaginians
Ancient civilization known for trade and culture.
Griots
West African oral historians and musicians.
Yoruba
Ethnic group in Nigeria known for rich traditions.
Afro-Portuguese ivories
Artistic works reflecting African and Portuguese influences.
Janus
Roman god symbolizing duality and beginnings.
Modakeke
Town in Nigeria known for historical excavations.
Ogboni cult
Yoruba religious group associated with governance.
Akua’ba statues
Fertility figures from the Ashanti culture.
Ankh
Ancient Egyptian symbol of life and immortality.
Tellem culture
Prehistoric culture in Mali known for figurines.
Dagon
Ancient Near Eastern deity associated with fertility.
Shan go priest
Religious leader in Yoruba spirituality.
Caves of Tellem
Archaeological sites with significant cultural artifacts.
Bronze work
Metalworking technique used by ancient civilizations.
Excavations
Archaeological digs to uncover historical artifacts.
Provenance
Origin or source of an artifact.
Morphological assumptions
Theories based on form and structure in art.
Utilitarian items
Objects designed for practical use
Congo statuette
Figurine found in Zaire
Haut-Sinegal-Niger
Region studied for its historical significance.
Michael Sadler
Scholar noted for studies on West African art.
R. M.A. Bedaux
Researcher known for summarizing African material culture.
Yoruba
Ethnic group with Egyptian origins in West Africa.
Egyptian Origin
Cultural roots traced back to ancient Egypt.
Roger Westcott
Reviewer of Yoruba religion literature.
E. L. R. Meyerowitz
Author of ‘The Divine Kingship in Ghana’.
The Journal of African History
Publication featuring reviews on African history.
William **
Organizer of art exhibitions in London.
Bronze Age Technology
Technological advancements in Western Asia and Europe.
Robert O. Collins
Editor of ‘Problems in African History’ readings.
Himmelheber
Author known for accessible accounts of African art.
Fischer
Co-author with Himmelheber on African art accounts.
Dmochowski
Contributor to studies on African art and history.
Olbrechts
Researcher focused on African art and culture.
John Picton
Art critic known for his unpublished works.
Gerbrands
Author of significant works on African art.
M. W. Smith
Editor of works discussing African art and culture.
Herskovits
Anthropologist who studied African cultures.
Frobenius
Interpreted African art and cultural expressions.
Dan Sub-group
Cultural group within the broader Dan community.
Igbira
Ethnic group with cultural practices in Nigeria.
Fetish in African Art
Objects with inherent magical power or substances.
Moughtin
Researcher on African architecture and housing types.
Carroll
Author discussing architectural forms in African cultures.
Thompson
Scholar contributing to African art literature.
