week 8 Flashcards
1
Q
Polychrome Painting
A
Colorful depiction of Bushman hunting ostriches.
2
Q
Foreshortening
A
Artistic technique for depicting depth and perspective.
3
Q
Human-Animal Figures
A
Represent shamans or spirits in rock art.
4
Q
Cave Wall Motifs
A
Include crosses and shields in African rock art.
5
Q
Judgment Platform
A
Site where chiefs use crucifix as symbol.
6
Q
Ancient Manufacture
A
Artifacts dated to ancient times in Nigeria.
7
Q
Wakuri River State
A
Location of ancient art discoveries.
8
Q
Enyong Division
A
Area with significant archaeological findings.
9
Q
Museum Collections
A
Institutions housing important African art artifacts.
10
Q
Bronze-casting
A
Metalworking technique using molten bronze.
11
Q
Terracotta
A
Clay-based ceramic material used for sculptures.
12
Q
Lost wax process
A
Method for casting metal sculptures.
13
Q
Nok culture
A
Ancient culture in Nigeria known for terracotta.
14
Q
Jebba Island
A
Location of significant bronze castings in Nigeria.
15
Q
Huntsman style
A
Sculptural style identified by William **.
16
Q
Radiocarbon dating
A
Method for determining age of organic materials.
17
Q
Iron-working industry
A
Production of iron tools and artifacts.
18
Q
Sculptural tradition
A
Cultural practices related to creating sculptures.
19
Q
Congo Basin
A
Region known for unique sculptural expressions.
20
Q
Animal figures
A
Sculptures representing various animal forms.
21
Q
Moister climate
A
Environmental condition affecting preservation of wood sculptures.
22
Q
Engravings on rock
A
Carvings made on rock surfaces
23
Q
Bronze Industries
A
Manufacturers specializing in bronze sculpture production.
24
Q
Water-lain deposits
A
Sediments deposited by water
25
Polished stone axes
Tools made from finely finished stone.
26
Sculpture dating
Process of determining the age of sculptures.
27
Cultural relationships
Connections between different sculptural traditions.
28
Animal form vessels
Containers shaped like animals
29
Nigeria's traditions
Rich heritage of metal and terracotta sculpture.
30
Sculptural evidence
Artifacts that provide insights into historical practices.
31
Thermoluminescence dating
Technique for dating ceramics and sediments.
32
Sculptural development
Evolution of sculptural styles over time.
33
Subtractive Technique
Carving by removing material from a mass.
34
Additive Technique
Building up material gradually
35
Terracotta
Clay fired to create durable sculptures.
36
Cubistic Representation
Art style emphasizing geometric shapes.
37
Nok Sculptures
Ancient terracotta figures from Nigeria.
38
Plastic Medium
Malleable material
39
Characteristic Nok Style
Distinctive artistic features of Nok sculptures.
40
Height of Nok Figures
Ranges from 10 cm to over 120 cm.
41
Simplified Human Figures
Stylized representations resembling tubes or cylinders.
42
Naturalistic Animal Figures
Realistic depictions of animals in Nok art.
43
Elaborate Hair-Style
Intricate designs often featured on human heads.
44
Pierced Pupils
Stylized eye feature in Nok and Yoruba masks.
45
Cylindrical Head Form
Common shape for human heads in Nok sculptures.
46
Cultural Significance
Nok art reflects ancient traditions and beliefs.
47
Witchcraft Accusations
Fear reflected in cultural representations and masks.
48
Gelede Masks
Masks used in Yoruba culture
49
Incomplete Survival
Many Nok pieces are not fully preserved.
50
Kuchamfa Figure
Surviving lower part measuring almost 60 cm.
51
Himmelheber's Observation
Noted stylistic features may show convergence.
52
Franco-Cantabrian Rock Art
Upper Paleolithic art showing naturalistic human treatment.
53
Cultural Reflection
Nok sculptures embody historical artistic traditions.
54
Motorcycle Mask
Represents modern themes in traditional mask-making.
55
Nok Culture
Ancient West African civilization known for terracotta sculptures.
56
Ife Art Style
Artistic tradition from Yoruba peoples
57
Tubular Head Form
Distinctive head shape seen in Nok sculptures.
58
Terracotta Sculpture
Clay-based art form used by Nok and Ife cultures.
59
Yoruba Peoples
Ethnic group in Southwestern Nigeria
60
Stylized Human Figures
Highly abstract representations of humans in art.
61
Naturalistic Representations
Art that closely resembles real-life subjects.
62
Cultural Connection
Link between different artistic traditions across regions.
63
Bronze Sculpture
Metal art form developed in Ife
64
Idealized Naturalism
Art style combining realistic and idealized human features.
65
Archaeological Stratigraphy
Layering of soil used to date artifacts.
66
Nomoli Figures
Sierra Leone sculptures with similar features to Nok art.
67
Afro-Portuguese Ivories
16th-century carvings reflecting African and Portuguese influences.
68
Dakakari People
Group near Nok culture
69
Tiv People
Ethnic group in Nigeria
70
Conical Heads
Sculptural feature combining stylization with naturalistic elements.
71
Radiocarbon Dating
Method used to determine age of organic materials.
72
Life-Size Sculpture
Artworks created to human scale
73
Sculptural Style
Distinctive artistic approach defining a culture's artwork.
74
Simplification of Forms
Reduction of complex shapes in artistic representations.
75
Cultural History
Study of the development and characteristics of a culture.
76
Artistic Tradition
Established style or method of creating art over time.
77
Ife
An ancient Yoruba city known for its art.
78
Nok culture
Early West African civilization known for terracotta sculptures.
79
Radiocarbon dating
Method to determine age of organic materials.
80
Obalara's Land
Site associated with Garlake's archaeological findings.
81
Thurstan Shaw
Archaeologist known for Igbo-Ukwu excavations.
82
Igbo-Ukwu
Site in Nigeria with rich bronze artifacts.
83
Bronzes
Metal artworks from Igbo-Ukwu
84
Terracotta heads
Sculptures from Ife
85
Naturalistic style
Art style emphasizing realistic representation of subjects.
86
Copper mask
Ife art piece intended for burial rituals.
87
Obalufon
Legendary figure represented in Ife sculptures.
88
Dogon people
Ethnic group known for unique artistic traditions.
89
Tellem
Ancient group preceding the Dogon
90
Egungun mask
Traditional mask used in Yoruba rituals.
91
Moderately stylized
Art that balances realism and abstraction.
92
Sculptural continuity
Evolution of artistic expression over time.
93
Artistic expression
The way artists convey ideas through their work.
94
Sacrificial matter
Substances used in rituals
95
Cultural overlap
Shared characteristics between different artistic traditions.
96
Ancestral style
Art style that influences later artistic developments.
97
Bead representation
Artistic depiction of beads in sculptures.
98
Naturalism shift
Transition towards more realistic representations in art.
99
Ife court
Royalty that influenced the artistic direction of Ife.
100
Artistic philosophy
Underlying beliefs that guide artistic creation.
101
Yoruba Sculpture
Artistic tradition from southwestern Nigeria.
102
Naturalism
Artistic style emphasizing realistic representation.
103
Ife
Ancient Yoruba city known for sculpture.
104
Ibibio Sculpture
Art from southeastern Nigeria
105
Terracotta Head
Sculpture representing human head
106
Egungun Head-Dress
Ceremonial attire symbolizing ancestral spirits.
107
Bronze Altar Stand
Decorative stand used in religious ceremonies.
108
Igbo-Ukwu
Archaeological site known for rich bronze artifacts.
109
Afro-Portuguese Ivories
Ivory carvings influenced by Portuguese art.
110
Ceremonial Staff
Object used in rituals
111
Coloured Beads
Decorative elements made from glass and stone.
112
Cultural Similarity
Shared traits among different artistic traditions.
113
Nineteenth-Century Artifacts
Objects created during the 1800s.
114
Sculptural Naturalism
Focus on lifelike representation in sculpture.
115
Modern Yoruba Sculpture
Contemporary art reflecting traditional Yoruba themes.
116
Soapstone Carving
Sculpture made from soft metamorphic rock.
117
Openwork Panels
Decorative panels with cut-out designs.
118
Snakes and Spiders Motif
Common decorative elements in African art.
119
Cultural Artifacts
Objects representing the culture of a society.
120
Mokuro Stream
Location associated with ancient Yoruba gold-mining.
121
Ancient Ilesha
Site of significant archaeological findings in Nigeria.
122
Sierra Leone Artifacts
Cultural objects from the Sierra Leone region.
123
European Influence
Impact of European styles on African art.
124
Benin Sculptors
Artisans from Benin known for intricate carvings.
125
Nomoli Figures
Sierra Leone sculptures resembling Benin art style.
126
European Explorers
Travelers who sought Africa's economic resources.
127
Hybrid Styles
Artworks combining African and European artistic elements.
128
Manchester Museum
Location housing early African art collections.
129
Sande Society
Group focused on educating young girls in Liberia.
130
Vai Masks
Masks used in rituals by the Vai people.
131
Wood Sculptures
Carved wooden artworks from Sierra Leone region.
132
Bulom People
Ethnic group skilled in ivory and mat crafting.
133
James Welsh
Englishman who documented Benin's ivory craftsmanship.
134
Ivory Spoons
Curved utensils made from elephant tusks.
135
Wieckmann Collection
Museum collection featuring African art from Ulm.
136
Raffia Fibre Bag
Bag made from raffia
137
Yoruba Sculpture
Art from the Yoruba people of Nigeria.
138
Offering Board
Carved board used in Yoruba divination rituals.
139
Ifa Divination
Yoruba practice of seeking guidance from oracles.
140
Ardra
Location noted for collecting African art in Europe.
141
Cultural Misunderstanding
European view of African art as 'loathsome'.
142
Ancestor Altars
Structures for honoring deceased family members.
143
Eshu
Yoruba deity representing uncertainty and chance.
144
Ivory Bracelets
Ornamental wrist pieces made from ivory.
145
Artistic Similarity
Continuity in style from 17th century to present.
146
Portuguese Trade
Involvement in buying African ivory and crafts.
147
Divination
A practice to gain insight or guidance.
148
Benin
Historical kingdom in present-day Nigeria.
149
Dahomey
Former kingdom in present-day Benin.
150
Yoruba
Ethnic group primarily in Nigeria.
151
Gelede mask
Cultural mask used in Yoruba rituals.
152
Chihongo
Male mask symbolizing wealth in BaJokwe culture.
153
BaJokwe
Artistic style associated with the BaJokwe people.
154
Staff of office
Symbolic staff representing authority or leadership.
155
Ulm Museum
Museum housing African art collections.
156
British Museum
Museum in London with extensive global collections.
157
Weickmann Collection
Collection of African artifacts
158
Mintadi sculptures
Sculptures representing ancestors in African tradition.
159
Heathen practices
Term used to describe non-Christian rituals.
160
Governor John H. Glover
Lieutenant-Governor involved in collecting artifacts.
161
European oil-paints
Paints imported from Europe
162
Elephant head ornament
Decorative element symbolizing strength or power.
163
Twin figures
Sculptures representing duality in Yoruba culture.
164
Abeokuta
City in Nigeria known for Yoruba heritage.
165
Christianity's influence
Impact of Christianity on African cultural practices.
166
Cross River area
Region in Nigeria known for rich cultural heritage.
167
Sailing-ship figureheads
Carvings inspired by European maritime traditions.
168
Ardra (Allada)
Location in Benin known for divination artifacts.
169
Upholstery nails
Decorative nails used in furniture and art.
170
Governor Beecroft
Collector of artifacts from Old Calabar.
171
Old Calabar
Location where artifacts were collected pre-1854.
172
National Museum
Institution housing collected artifacts.
173
Afro-Portuguese ivories
Art influenced by European craftsmanship.
174
Benin Punitive Expedition
Royal Navy seized artifacts as reparations.
175
Leo Frobenius
Explorer known for Inner Africa Expedition.
176
Inner Africa Expedition
Frobenius's journey to study African art.
177
H. Ling Roth
Author of significant books on African art.
178
Ijo figures
Wooden figures representing family members.
179
King Ockiya
Subject of Ijo family figures.
180
Brass trading port
Historical site for trade in artifacts.
181
Janus head mask
Dual-faced mask from Cross River area.
182
Ekoi people
Originators of the Janus head mask.
183
Davyhulme County School
Presented mask to Manchester Museum.
184
Twin figures
Ritual objects related to twin births.
185
Ritual feeding
Practice for the figure of the dead twin.
186
Igbo carvers
Known for geometric ornamentation in art.
187
Awka area doors
Doors providing cultural insights from Niger.
188
Documentation issues
Lack of records limits art historical study.
189
Ethnographic collections
Museum collections of cultural artifacts.
190
C.H. Read and O.M. Dalton
Catalogers of Benin antiquities in 1899.
191
A.H. Lane
Author of 1900 work on Benin art.
192
Kjersmeier
Criticized inadequate documentation in art collections.
193
Ibn Battuta
14th-century traveler who documented African culture.
194
Nyani
A town in modern Bambaraland
195
Lagos
Major city in Nigeria
196
Agbogho Mmwo
Maiden Spirit mask used in funerals.
197
Opanwa
Masks representing girls in social comment plays.
198
Ikenga
Personal shrines ensuring physical power.
199
Scarification
Body markings indicating rank among the Igbo.
200
Pacheco Pereira
European traveler describing African idol worship.
201
Idolators
Term used for Africans by early Europeans.
202
Riverain Igbo
Igbo people living near riverbanks in Nigeria.
203
Bini
People in Benin known for distinct body marks.
204
Fetishes
Objects believed to have magical powers.
205
Masquerader
Performer mimicking women's activities in rituals.
206
Cultural Practices
Customs maintained prior to Islam's introduction.
207
Pottery Sculpture
Art form for altar offerings in rituals.
208
Gong
Instrument used in ceremonial contexts.
209
Animal Sacrifice
Ritual act involving offering animals.
210
Children's Figures
Representations of children in ceremonial art.
211
Altar
Sacred space for offerings and worship.
212
Niger Delta
Region in Nigeria known for cultural diversity.
213
Masquerade Festivals
Events featuring elaborate costumes and performances.
214
Cultural Memory
Tradition of recalling ancestors' good deeds.
215
Idols
Sculptures worshipped by local communities.
216
Cultural Economy
Local way of life focused on resource management.
217
African Mask
Earliest illustration in European literature
218
Froger
Author of Relation d'un Voyage
219
Circumcision Costume
Traditional attire worn after circumcision in Gambia.
220
Nomoli
Spiritual figures set up in rice-fields by Mende.
221
Kissi
Group that refers to spiritual figures as pomdo.
222
Antelope Mask
Type of mask worn by **** culture.
223
Zamble Mask
Represents beauty and strength in its design.
224
Benin Bronze Casting
Art form depicting historical figures and events.
225
Pieter de Marees
Documented burial practices in Benin
226
Bini Sculptures
Confirm details of Benin's historical representations.
227
Hottentot Houses
Described with engineering precision by Peter Kolb.
228
Gura
Cultural group associated with specific mask styles.
229
Froger's Illustration
First depiction of African mask in European texts.
230
River Gambia
Location significant for circumcision traditions.
231
Mende
Ethnic group known for rice-field protective figures.
232
Lemaire's Sketches
Illustrated houses in West Africa
233
Dapper
Published illustrations of Benin in 1668.
234
Engineering Drawings
Detailed architectural representations by early travelers.
235
Bronze Castings
Used for creating detailed sculptures in Benin.
236
Cultural Representation
Art reflecting societal values and traditions.
237
Circumcision Rituals
Ceremonies involving traditional costumes and masks.
238
Rice Plants
Crops protected by spiritual figures in fields.
239
Travelers' Illustrations
Visual documentation by explorers of African cultures.
240
Pieter de Marees
Author of 1603 account of Benin.
241
DeBry's India Orientalis
Publication featuring illustrations of Benin.
242
Punitive Expedition
Military campaign affecting Benin's artifacts.
243
Ethnologisches Museum
Museum in Berlin housing Benin artifacts.
244
Bronze box
Represents palace architecture in Benin.
245
Sculptured heads
Artistic representations on tall staff brackets.
246
Bronze plaques
Finest figure sculptures from Benin.
247
Dapper's Nauwkeurige Beschrijvinge
Detailed description of Benin's culture.
248
King's procession
Ceremonial display involving musicians and warriors.
249
Altar in Benin City
Site where human skulls were observed.
250
Cast-bronze leg
Artifact from a large bird figure.
251
Wooden pillars
Covered with cast copper
252
Copper snake
Large serpent fixed atop a turret.
253
Human heads on sticks
Burial practice illustrated in Marees's account.
254
Pyramidal towers
Architectural features represented in Benin art.
255
Bronze heads
Used in altars
256
David Nyendael
Visitor who described Benin's palace in 1701.
257
Chimney-like turret
Tall structure described by Nyendael.
258
Python and bird of disaster
Symbolic figures in Benin art.
259
Court attendants
Figures depicted in bronze plaques.
260
Altar representations
Showcase of Benin's religious practices.
261
Musicians and warriors
Key figures in royal processions.
262
Benin City
Cultural and historical center of Benin.
263
Benin Art
Art style from the Kingdom of Benin.
264
Ivory Tusk
Large tusk used in ancestor altars.
265
Copper Heads
Eleven men's heads cast in copper.
266
Lgbile Mask
Mask used in water spirit cult.
267
Oba Osemwede
Benin ruler from 1816-1848.
268
Punitive Expedition 1897
Military action against Benin Kingdom.
269
Ughoton Delta
Location associated with lgbile cult.
270
Western Ijo Style
Art style influencing Benin sculptures.
271
Royal Ancestor Heads
Heads representing royal lineage in Benin.
272
Bronze-Casting Technique
Method used for creating Benin sculptures.
273
Scarification Patterns
Decorative skin markings on figures.
274
Wari Game Board
Board for a traditional African game.
275
Benin Plaques
Artworks depicting various societal roles.
276
Cultural Etiquette
Social norms within the Benin court.
277
Elephant's Tooth
Material used in copper head sculptures.
278
Turrets
Decorative elements on Benin architecture.
279
Dry Armlets
Ornamental arm wear in Benin culture.
280
Coral Beads
Jewelry worn by Benin royalty.
281
Ekpo Mask
Ceremonial mask used in rituals.
282
Bini Art
Traditional art style of the Benin people.
283
National Museum
Lagos
284
Musee Royal de l'Afrique Centrale
Museum with African cultural collections.
285
Ba Kuba Chiefdoms
Ethnic groups known for wooden figures.
286
Benin
A historical kingdom in West Africa.
287
Carvings
Ornamental figures on posts and doors.
288
Statues
Figures of men and women in courtyards.
289
Old Oyo
Historical city referenced in 1826 accounts.
290
Clapperton
Explorer who documented Old Oyo in 1826.
291
Nyendael
Commentator on the excellence of Oyo carvings.
292
Koso
New site for the shrine of the king.
293
Shongo
Deity associated with thunder and lightning.
294
Installation ceremonies
Rituals for new kings in Oyo.
295
Houseposts
Support structures often ornately carved.
296
Libel
Artistic representation resembling the human face.
297
Bronze mask
Fine art piece worn by the Ataof Idah.
298
Ala of lgala
Title for the king of Idah.
299
Dapper
Historian providing insights on Benin art.
300
William Allen
Commander who documented Benin's art in 1832.
301
Chronology of Benin art
Timeline anchored by the cessation of plaques.
302
Archaeology
Study of artifacts to understand history.
303
Yoruba sculpture
Art style featuring motifs of human figures.
304
Cultural orbit
Influence of Middle Eastern culture in Africa.
305
Gilt representation
Gold-plated artistic depiction of a face.
306
Sculptures
Three-dimensional art pieces
307
Motifs
Recurring themes in Yoruba art.
308
Baluster-like forms
Carvings resembling architectural support structures.
309
Refugees
People displaced
310
Islamic Influence
Impact of Islam on African art and culture.
311
Christian Influence
Impact of Christianity on African art and culture.
312
Egyptian Influence
Cultural effects of ancient Egypt on Africa.
313
Diffusionism
Theory attributing cultural spread from Egypt to Africa.
314
W.J. Perry
Proponent of the extreme Diffusionist school.
315
Elliot Smith
Collaborated with Perry on cultural diffusion theories.
316
Chronological Framework
System for organizing African historical events.
317
Cultural Achievement
Significant accomplishments of African peoples in history.
318
Hybrid Vigour
Cultural blending resulting in dynamic art forms.
319
Naturalistic Form
Realistic representation in Egyptian art.
320
Technical Skill
High craftsmanship evident in Egyptian artworks.
321
Ancestor Figures
Statues representing spiritual essence of ancestors.
322
Supernatural Force
Spiritual power associated with African statues.
323
Practical Art
Art serving functional
324
Rigidity of Form
Stiffness in pose characteristic of Egyptian art.
325
Frontality of Pose
Direct frontal representation in sculptures.
326
Lack of Facial Expression
Absence of emotion in Egyptian artistic representations.
327
Pre-Dynastic Egypt
Early Egyptian culture before the dynastic period.
328
Rock Engravings
Ancient carvings found in the Sahara.
329
Divine Kingship
Concept of kings as divine figures in Africa.
330
African Ethnography
Study of African cultures and societies.
331
Cultural Intrusions
Influences from outside cultures on African traditions.
332
Paul Bohannan
Anthropologist discussing Egypt's cultural connections to Africa.
333
Canoe
A watercraft used in ancient Egypt.
334
Concentric Circles
Circles sharing the same center
335
Magical Ritual
Ceremony ensuring the spirit's presence in art.
336
Tomb Statue
Sculpture representing the deceased in ideal form.
337
Realistic Rendering
Detailed depiction of human anatomy in art.
338
Portraiture
Artistic representation focusing on individual likeness.
339
Primitive Conception
Early artistic interpretation lacking modern realism.
340
African Orbit
Cultural context linking Egyptian art to Africa.
341
Akua Ba Doll
Ashanti doll symbolizing fertility and beauty ideals.
342
Ankh Symbol
Egyptian symbol representing life and immortality.
343
Chronology
Study of historical time and sequence of events.
344
Fanti Doll
Doll related to Ashanti culture
345
Idealized Beauty
Cultural standards of attractiveness represented in art.
346
Rectangular-Headed Type
Doll type desired for male offspring in Ashanti.
347
Round-Headed Type
Doll type desired for female offspring in Ashanti.
348
Terracotta Sculptures
Clay sculptures from Ashanti dating to 16th century.
349
Cultural Influence
Impact of one culture on another's artistic expression.
350
Colonial Domination
Period of European control affecting African cultures.
351
Convergence
Development of similar traits in unrelated cultures.
352
Artistic Institutions
Structures supporting and promoting artistic practices.
353
Sculptural Form
Three-dimensional representation in art.
354
Expectant Mothers
Women carrying dolls to influence child's beauty.
355
Historical Context
Background information influencing art and culture.
356
Independence
Period marking self-governance for African nations.
357
African Scholars
New generation studying African history objectively.
358
Rochdale Literary and Scientific Society
Founded in 1891
359
Tassili Art
Art from the Tassili n'Ajjer region.
360
Henri Lhote
Key figure in studying Tassili art.
361
Frobenius
Anthropologist known for studies on native art.
362
Die Kunst der Naturvölker
Frobenius's work on art of indigenous peoples.
363
Bushman Paintings
Artworks studied for statistical analysis by Vinnicombe.
364
Statistical Basis
Methodology for defining African art styles.
365
Holmes Anniversary Volume
Published in 1916
366
Cultural Parallels
Comparative analysis of cultures for better understanding.
367
Hamlet's Scene
Literary reference for understanding cultural expressions.
368
Classical African Sculpture
Study of significant African sculptural works.
369
Gottfried Semper
Influential theorist on aesthetics in arts.
370
Asmat Wood Carvers
Cultural artisans from New Guinea
371
Symbolism in Art
Study of meanings behind artistic expressions.
372
Permanent Beliefs
Enduring symbols and beliefs in cultures.
373
Continuous Experience
Cultural experiences evolve yet maintain core beliefs.
374
Griaule
Anthropologist noted for studies on African cultures.
375
Vinnicombe's Study
1976 analysis of Bushman art techniques.
376
Cultural Refinement
Ongoing evolution of cultural beliefs and symbols.
377
Field-work
Research conducted in natural settings for data collection.
378
Anthropological Bulletin
Publication featuring research in anthropology.
379
Permanent beliefs
Enduring convictions shaping cultural identity.
380
Immutable stock
Unchanging collection of cultural symbols.
381
Refinement
Continuous improvement of cultural expressions.
382
Experience continuity
Feeling of unbroken connection through time.
383
Abstraktion und Einfohlung
Worringer's work on abstraction and empathy.
384
T. E. Hulme
Summarized Worringer's ideas in a lecture.
385
Cultural bibliography
Comprehensive list of related writings.
386
Sudanese Sculptures
Publication on Sudanese art
387
Historical Society of Nigeria
Published works on Yoruba society history.
388
Tradition and Individual Talent
Eliot's essay on tradition's role in creativity.
389
Jean Laude
Author of studies on art history.
390
R. J. Goldwater
Wrote on primitivism in modern painting.
391
Pitt-Rivers Papers
Contributions to anthropology and archaeology.
392
Decorative Art of British New Guinea
Study of art from British New Guinea.
393
Evolution of Culture
Essays exploring cultural development over time.
394
Traditional art critique
Analysis of the term 'traditional' in art.
395
Masks and Secret Societies
Study of African cultural practices.
396
Tassili dates
Chronological markers for prehistoric art.
397
Apollo 11 Cave
Site of Africa's oldest dated artworks.
398
Cattle Period painting
Art from the Libyan extension of Tassili.
399
Twelfth-century deposit
Archaeological layer indicating specific historical context.
400
Lewis-Williams studies
Research on rock art and symbolism.
401
Cultural evolution
Process of change in artistic expressions.
402
Amino Acid Dating
Dating technique using paint's amino acids.
403
Bushman Paintings
Rock art created by the Bushman people.
404
Uan Telocat
Site with ancient round-headed figure paintings.
405
Geji Rock Shelter
Location with overlapping contemporary painting styles.
406
Natural Gait Representation
Earlier art shows animals' natural walking patterns.
407
Orun Oba Ado
Burial site for Benin kings' heads.
408
Pit XI Dating
Burial pit dated to AD 560 ± 130.
409
Pit III Dating
Burial pit dated to AD 800 ± 120.
410
Pit V Dating
Burial pit dated to AD 1180 ± 120.
411
Pit VI Dating
Burial pit dated to AD 940 ± 150.
412
Pit VII Dating
Burial pit dated to AD 990 ± 130.
413
Cave Paintings
Artworks found in caves
414
Igbo-Ukwu
Archaeological site known for significant sculpture.
415
Nok Culture
Ancient culture now linked to Iron Age.
416
Rock Gongs
Musical instruments made from rock
417
Contemporary Use
Different painting styles used simultaneously in art.
418
Excavation Techniques
Methods used to uncover archaeological sites.
419
Cave Art Styles
Various artistic styles found in cave paintings.
420
Historical Context
Background information influencing art and archaeology.
421
African Art Discipline
Field studying art and archaeology in Africa.
422
Third Pan-African Congress
Event discussing African prehistory and archaeology.
423
Bauchi Cave Paintings
Recent discoveries of cave art in Nigeria.
424
Cultural History of Africa
Study of African peoples and their histories.
425
Rock Gongs
Musical instruments discovered in Nigeria's prehistoric sites.
426
Nok Culture
Ancient civilization known for terracotta sculptures.
427
Iron Age
Period marked by widespread use of iron tools.
428
Polynesian Practices
Cultural traditions similar to those in Nigeria.
429
Bronze Snake Head
Artifact found in Benin's old palace.
430
Divination
Spiritual practice for seeking guidance or answers.
431
Odu
Sections of oral literature used in divination.
432
Thermoluminescence Dating
Method for dating archaeological artifacts using heat.
433
Cross River Area
Region in Nigeria known for bronze artifacts.
434
Palm Nut Divination
Technique using nuts to determine answers in divination.
435
Hugh Clapperton
Explorer known for his travels in Africa.
436
William Bosman
Author of early descriptions of African cultures.
437
Cyril Aldred
Art historian focused on ancient Egyptian art.
438
Kingdoms in Negro Africa
Historical study of African political structures.
439
William ****
Archaeologist known for work on Nigerian artifacts.
440
Abiodun et al.
Authors discussing African iconography and art.
441
Leuzinger
Referenced for illustrations of ancient artifacts.
442
Ling Roth
Historian noted for writings on African cultures.
443
Old Kingdom Art
Period in ancient Egypt known for monumental art.
444
Eipedition into the Interior
Exploratory work detailing African interior cultures.
445
Nigerian Asunaja Shrine
Location of significant bronze artifacts.
446
Oral Literature
Tradition of storytelling and knowledge transmission in Africa.
447
Islamization
Process of adopting Islamic practices and beliefs.
448
Carthaginians
Ancient civilization known for trade and culture.
449
Griots
West African oral historians and musicians.
450
Yoruba
Ethnic group in Nigeria known for rich traditions.
451
Afro-Portuguese ivories
Artistic works reflecting African and Portuguese influences.
452
Janus
Roman god symbolizing duality and beginnings.
453
Modakeke
Town in Nigeria known for historical excavations.
454
Ogboni cult
Yoruba religious group associated with governance.
455
Akua'ba statues
Fertility figures from the Ashanti culture.
456
Ankh
Ancient Egyptian symbol of life and immortality.
457
Tellem culture
Prehistoric culture in Mali known for figurines.
458
Dagon
Ancient Near Eastern deity associated with fertility.
459
Shan go priest
Religious leader in Yoruba spirituality.
460
Caves of Tellem
Archaeological sites with significant cultural artifacts.
461
Bronze work
Metalworking technique used by ancient civilizations.
462
Excavations
Archaeological digs to uncover historical artifacts.
463
Provenance
Origin or source of an artifact.
464
Morphological assumptions
Theories based on form and structure in art.
465
Utilitarian items
Objects designed for practical use
466
Congo statuette
Figurine found in Zaire
467
Haut-Sinegal-Niger
Region studied for its historical significance.
468
Michael Sadler
Scholar noted for studies on West African art.
469
R. M.A. Bedaux
Researcher known for summarizing African material culture.
470
Yoruba
Ethnic group with Egyptian origins in West Africa.
471
Egyptian Origin
Cultural roots traced back to ancient Egypt.
472
Roger Westcott
Reviewer of Yoruba religion literature.
473
E. L. R. Meyerowitz
Author of 'The Divine Kingship in Ghana'.
474
The Journal of African History
Publication featuring reviews on African history.
475
William ****
Organizer of art exhibitions in London.
476
Bronze Age Technology
Technological advancements in Western Asia and Europe.
477
Robert O. Collins
Editor of 'Problems in African History' readings.
478
Himmelheber
Author known for accessible accounts of African art.
479
Fischer
Co-author with Himmelheber on African art accounts.
480
Dmochowski
Contributor to studies on African art and history.
481
Olbrechts
Researcher focused on African art and culture.
482
John Picton
Art critic known for his unpublished works.
483
Gerbrands
Author of significant works on African art.
484
M. W. Smith
Editor of works discussing African art and culture.
485
Herskovits
Anthropologist who studied African cultures.
486
Frobenius
Interpreted African art and cultural expressions.
487
Dan Sub-group
Cultural group within the broader Dan community.
488
Igbira
Ethnic group with cultural practices in Nigeria.
489
Fetish in African Art
Objects with inherent magical power or substances.
490
Moughtin
Researcher on African architecture and housing types.
491
Carroll
Author discussing architectural forms in African cultures.
492
Thompson
Scholar contributing to African art literature.
