week 9 a Flashcards
Imperial Subject
Constructed identity through colonial narratives.
Sculptura in æs
Term meaning ‘Engraving on copper’ in Latin.
Copper-Plate Engraving
Technique for reproducing images on paper.
Nova Reperta
Series highlighting discoveries and inventions of the era.
Engraver’s Workshop
Space where prints were created and techniques learned.
Burin
Tool used for engraving metal plates.
Printing Press
Device for mass-producing printed material.
Magnetic Compass
Navigational instrument aiding exploration during the era.
Iron Clock
Technological advancement marking the period’s innovation.
Apprentice
Young worker learning engraving techniques.
Inking Process
Preparation of engraved plates for printing.
Plate Press
Machine used to transfer inked images to paper.
Damp Prints
Freshly printed images hung to dry.
Crucified Christ Image
Religious engraving prepared for printing.
Antwerp
City known for its engraver workshops.
De Bry Workshop
Famous engraving workshop in Frankfurt.
Engraving Process
Steps involved in creating prints from plates.
Cultural Representation
Depiction of societies through artistic mediums.
Gender and Cannibalism
Themes explored in representations of the New World.
Engraving
Art of incising designs on hard surfaces.
Technê
Early modern concept of art as skill or craft.
Nova reperta
Collection illustrating advancements in European technology.
Civilizing process
Norbert Elias’s term for societal refinement.
Georgius Agricola
Renaissance metallurgist known for De re metallica.
De re metallica
1556 book on mining and metallurgy by Agricola.
Civil-savage dichotomy
Contrast between civilized and primitive societies.
Astrolabe
Instrument for solving problems related to time and position.
Copper plate
Metal plate used for engraving images.
Dexteritye of witte
Skillful intelligence in creating fine objects.
Blank plate
Uninscribed copper plate symbolizing potential for improvement.
Sculptura in æs
Work showcasing polished
Algonquian ornament
Cultural artifact representing Native American craftsmanship.
Transatlantic voyages
Sea journeys between Europe and the Americas.
Francis Bacon
Philosopher who emphasized technology’s role in civilization.
Magnetic compass
Navigational instrument crucial for maritime exploration.
Printing press
Device that revolutionized the production of written material.
Gunpowder
Explosive material that changed warfare and exploration.
Virginia inhabitants
Native Americans praised for their craftsmanship.
Metallurgical inventions
Technological advancements involving the use of metals.
Pictorial terms
Visual representations conveying complex narratives.
Civility
Cultural refinement associated with technological advancement.
European visual language
Artistic style reflecting European cultural perspectives.
Theodor de Bry
Artist known for engravings of New World.
Roanoac
Location associated with early American settlements.
Harriot’s Report
Document detailing Virginia’s early encounters.
Cheif Lorde of Roanoac
Indigenous leader depicted in de Bry’s work.
Technological Inferiority
Perception of Americas’ lack of advanced technology.
Noble Savage
Idealized concept of Indigenous people as innocent.
Scientific Instruments
Tools used by Harriot to demonstrate European superiority.
Mathematical Instruments
Devices illustrating advanced European knowledge.
Perspective Glass
Early telescope used to view distant objects.
Mechanical Perspectivalism
Technique for achieving a viewpoint in representation.
Engraving
Art of printing images from engraved plates.
Cultural Perspective
Understanding one’s position in relation to others.
Evolutionary Paradigm
View of civilization as a progressive development.
Nova reperta
Historical work discussing advancements in engraving.
Ethnographic Representation
Depiction of cultures through artistic means.
Savage’s Inability
Lack of understanding of European technologies.
Point of View
Perspective from which one observes the world.
Mechanical Reproduction
Process of creating copies of artworks or texts.
Advanced Civilization
State of society characterized by technological progress.
Engraving Techniques
Methods used to create detailed printed images.
Cultural Superiority
Belief in the dominance of one culture over another.
Historical Context
Background information influencing the creation of works.
Viewer’s Perspective
Interpretation shaped by the observer’s background.
John Evelyn
Author of Sculptura
Sculptura
Evelyn’s work on engraving techniques and history.
Royal Society
Group fostering scientific knowledge in Evelyn’s era.
Baconian project
Goal of improving humanity through scientific advancement.
Mechanical trades
Crafts that reflect civilization’s state and progress.
William M. Ivins
Authored Prints and Visual Communication
Prints
Crucial tools for modern sciences and communication.
John Ruskin
Critic of print’s promised progress in art.
Civilizing art
Concept of engraving as a tool for civilization.
Photomechanical reproduction
Technique replacing engraving around 1900.
Standardization in reproduction
Engraving allowed consistent replication of images.
Visual strain
Physical challenge faced by engravers during work.
Burin
Tool used by engravers for cutting plates.
Opaque white lenses
Spectacles that paradoxically hindered the engraver’s vision.
Colonial desire
Gaze representing conquest in van der Straet’s work.
Artisan workshop
Space where engravers focused on material and labor.
Engraver’s spectacles
Designed to aid vision but highlighted visual strain.
Labor of engraving
Detailed work requiring precision and skill.
Reproductive medium
Engraving’s role in disseminating images in the West.
Clarity of vision
Goal of engraving to enhance visual understanding.
Conditions of labor
Challenges faced by engravers in their workshops.
Visual communication
Engraving’s contribution to conveying ideas and information.
Historical context
Engraving’s evolution linked to societal advancements.
Materiality of prints
Physical characteristics influencing printed text perception.
Savage representation
Portrayal of indigenous people in ethnographic contexts.
Engraving process
Creating images by incising designs onto a hard surface.
White pebble metaphor
Symbolizes tangible impressions in printed works.
Opaque lenses
Engraver’s spectacles representing mediated perception.
Ethnographic image
Visual representation reflecting cultural and social contexts.
Civil-savage opposition
Binary framework contrasting civilized and primitive societies.
Material remainders
Physical remnants challenging stable representations.
Tattoo comparison
Engraving likened to body markings of indigenous people.
Idol worship
Reverence for physical representations in indigenous cultures.
Chief lord’s copper plate
Symbol of authority and cultural identity in representation.
Blankness of America
Concept of uncharted potential for cultural inscription.
Christian West’s view
Perception of ‘savage’ as materialistic and primitive.
Copper plate utility
European perspective on copper as a transformative tool.
Brass astrolabe
Navigational tool converting celestial observations into knowledge.
Copper as commodity
Valuable resource in early American trade and economy.
Mangoaks tribe
Indigenous group noted for decorative use of copper.
Hakluyt’s Principall Navigations
Document detailing early explorations and encounters.
De Bry’s engraving
Visual representation emphasizing indigenous cultural practices.
Representational economy
System of exchanging knowledge through printed images.
Transforming copper
Process of converting raw material into cultural knowledge.
Cultural authority
Power derived from symbols and material possessions.
Engraving workshop
Place where images were produced and knowledge disseminated.
de Bry’s Workshop
Site where copper sheets were transformed into prints.
Copper Engraving
Process of cutting
Sculptura
Work by van der Straet depicting engraving practices.
Token of Authority
Symbolic item representing power
Materiality of Engraving
Focus on physical aspects of engraving processes.
Savage Marks
Techniques representing Native Americans in early ethnography.
Tattooed Algonquian Warrior
Image raising questions about translating Native identities.
Translation of Marks
Converting tattoos into European alphabetical signs.
Engraver’s Burin
Tool used for inscribing designs on copper plates.
Humanist Network
Interconnected practices of writing and engraving around 1600.
Civilizing Quill
Symbol of civilized writing contrasting with savage tattoos.
Savage and Civil Distinction
Blurred lines between savage tattoos and civilized letters.
Engraving as Confrontation
Struggle to derive meaning from the engraving medium.
Representation’s Failure
Understanding the savage as a product of misrepresentation.
Roanoke Voyages
Colonial expeditions that prompted Native American translations.
Self-Portrait of de Bry
Declaration of authority in engraving tradition of Dürer.
Engraving Process Stages
Early stages include cutting
Cultural Representation
How cultures are depicted through artistic mediums.
Ethnographic Boundaries
Conceptual divisions between new world and old.
Intellectual Construct of Savage
The savage as a belief or symbol in Western thought.
Inscription Labor
Engraving work akin to tattooing practices.
Meaning from Matter
Creating significance through the physicality of engraving.
A Cheif Lord of Roanoac
Engraving symbolizing authority and cultural identity.
Engraving
Art of carving designs into hard surfaces.
Tattooing
Permanent ink designs on the skin.
Ornamentation
Decorative elements enhancing visual appeal.
Semiotic function
Significance of symbols in representation.
Hubert Damisch
Art theorist known for cloud symbolism.
Grotesque printer’s ornaments
Playful decorative elements in printed texts.
Perspectival representation
Art technique creating depth and space illusion.
Idolatry
Worship of physical objects as divine.
Protestant print culture
Print media reflecting Protestant beliefs and values.
Empirical inquiry
Investigation based on observation and experience.
Sensual desire
Strong attraction to sensory experiences.
Two-edged sword of perspective
Perspective both distances and draws viewers in.
Wood engraving
Printmaking technique using carved wooden blocks.
Halftone
Printing technique using varying dot sizes.
Colonial American history
Study of early American settlements and cultures.
Algonquians
Indigenous people of the Virginia region.
Twisting lines
Ornamental lines disrupting visual representation.
Smoky passages
Artistic representation of smoke in engravings.
Visual illusion
Trick of the eye in art perception.
Cultural representation
Portrayal of cultural identities in art.
Engraved reproductions
Copies of original art made through engraving.
Century Magazine
Publication featuring articles on American history.
Wood Engraver
Artist specializing in carving images on wood.
Ethnological Discourse
Discussion on cultures and societies in anthropology.
John Ruskin
Influential art critic advocating for craftsmanship.
Engraving Techniques
Methods used for creating engraved images.
Civilization Process
Evolutionary development of societies over time.
Reproductive Practice
Technique for replicating art or images.
Nineteenth-Century Investment
Cultural emphasis on evolution and progress.
Primitive Scratches
Basic
Western Representation
Portrayal of cultures from a Eurocentric perspective.
Cross-Cultural Communication
Interaction and exchange between different cultures.
De Bry Engravings
Visual representations by Theodor de Bry of the New World.
Technologies of Enchantment
Alfred Gell’s concept of captivating visual practices.
Indigenous Societies
Original inhabitants of a region or land.
Negotiation Encounters
Interactions between different cultural groups.
Engraving Techniques
Methods for creating detailed images on surfaces.
Cultural History
Study of how cultures evolve over time.
Visual Practices
Methods of creating and interpreting visual art.
Savage Constructs
Western ideas about ‘savage’ cultures
Engagement with Cultures
Interaction and understanding between diverse societies.
Art of Scratch
Ruskin’s term for basic engraving methods.
Alfred Gell
Anthropologist known for theories on art and culture.
Sir Walter Raleigh
Explorer who promoted colonization of Virginia.
Harriot’s Report
Document aimed at promoting Virginia’s colonization.
Harriot
Author evaluating Virginia’s colonial prospects.
Coloniology
Study of colonial aims through ethnological data.
De Bry
Engraver who illustrated Virginia’s inhabitants.
John White
Artist whose watercolors informed de Bry’s engravings.
Engraving
Artistic technique for producing images on surfaces.
Ethnography
Study of cultures and peoples through observation.
Comparative ethnology
Analysis of cultures by comparing different societies.
Roman alphabet
Writing system used in the Report’s text.
Writer’s quill
Tool for writing
Engraver’s burin
Chisel used for carving images into metal.
Doryphorus
Classical sculpture type
Contrapposto
Artistic pose showing weight shift in figures.
Tattoo
Permanent skin marking
Marks of sundrye
Title of engraving depicting Virginia’s chief men.
Mannerist gesture
Complex pose reflecting emotional or aesthetic expression.
Ethnological science
Field studying cultures
Visual strategies
Techniques to represent and promote colonial interests.
Engraving techniques
Methods used to create detailed images in print.
Cultural representation
Portrayal of a culture’s practices and beliefs.
Signification levels
Multiple meanings conveyed through visual and textual elements.
Watercolor drawings
Artistic technique used by John White for illustrations.
Ancient inhabitants of Britain
Depicted to compare with Virginia’s indigenous peoples.
Ethnographic images
Visual representations of cultural practices and people.
Investment advertisement
Promotional aspect encouraging colonial ventures in Virginia.
Primary Subject Matter
Factual description of a picture’s content.
Secondary Subject Matter
Iconographical meaning beyond primary observations.
Iconography
Study of symbols and their meanings in art.
Iconology
Interpretation of cultural context in visual art.
Emblem of the Savage
Arrows symbolize the depiction of American Indians.
Schematic Arrow Form
Abstract representation of arrows in tattoos.
Tattoo Designs
Symbols indicating identity and origin among natives.
Phonetic Signs
Familiar Latin alphabet letters indexing tattoos.
Cultural Translation
Decoding foreign symbols into familiar European signs.
Allegorical Representation
Symbolic depiction conveying deeper meanings or themes.
Vespucci’s Mundus Novus
Early depiction of New World natives in art.
De Bry’s Engraving
Visual translation of Native American identity for Europeans.
Tattoos as Identity Markers
Symbols indicating tribal affiliation and status.
Historical Context
Understanding art through its cultural and temporal background.
Visual Communication
Use of images to convey messages and meanings.
Cultural Otherness
Representation of unfamiliar cultures through European perspectives.
Sixteenth Century Virginia
Historical setting for the observed native practices.
Woodcut Frontispiece
Illustrative print serving as a book’s cover image.
Native American Symbolism
Cultural meanings embedded in indigenous art forms.
Primary vs Secondary Meanings
Distinction between direct observation and deeper significance.
Observation and Reflection
Encouragement to analyze visual elements critically.
Cultural Familiarity
Understanding foreign symbols through known cultural references.
Standard Element in Depiction
Commonly recognized symbols in artistic representations.
Visual Juxtaposition
Contrasting different signs to question meaning.
Savage Tattoos
Body art representing indigenous cultural identity.
Civilized Letters
Alphabetical writing symbolizing European authority.
Illusionistic Arrows
Visual representations suggesting depth or perspective.
Arrow-shaped Tattoos
Body art mimicking the form of arrows.
Ethnographic Knowledge
Understanding cultures through observation and interpretation.
Transcendent Authority of Writing
Writing’s perceived superiority in knowledge transmission.
Writing Lesson
Teaching literacy through visual representation of culture.
Alphabetical Writing
System of writing using letters to convey meaning.
Humanist Grammars
Texts promoting literacy and cultural superiority in Europe.
Colonial Authority
Power derived from cultural and linguistic dominance.
Year 1492
Significant for conquests and linguistic advancements.
Elio Antonio de Nebrija
Author of the first Spanish grammar book.
Grammatical Mission
Civilizing efforts through teaching language and writing.
Civil Self
Identity shaped by literacy and cultural norms.
Savagery vs. Civilization
Oppositional concepts defining cultural hierarchies.
Civic Literacy
Ability to read and write as a civil virtue.
Engraving of The Marckes
Visual representation questioning cultural signification.
Bodily Identification
Connecting viewer’s physicality with depicted subjects.
Cultural Interpretation
Understanding cultures through their symbols and signs.
Material Body
Physical form representing primal communication methods.
Preverbal Communication
Non-linguistic forms of expressing meaning.
Chain of Signification
Process of interpreting signs to derive meaning.
de Bry’s engraving
Teaches letters and body discipline simultaneously.
Pictorial register
Visual representation of the tattooed body.
Textual apparatus
Site of knowledge containing images’ meanings.
Proto-ethnographic discourse
Early discourse analyzing cultural practices and objects.
Savage communication
Material tattoo as primitive form of expression.
Civil communication
Letters viewed as transcending material representation.
Cultural graphology
Study of writing’s relationship with material forms.
Material supports
Physical mediums that influence writing’s meaning.
Juliet Fleming
Argues tattoos reveal writing’s material significance.
William Camden
Antiquarian who documented ancient bodily markings.
John Speed
Wrote about ancient inhabitants’ body markings.
Thomas Harriot
Documented American tattooing practices.
Samuel Purchas
Provided accounts of tattooing in America.
Descriptive language
Rich language reflecting European writing practices.
Tattoo vs. letter
Explores common materiality and meaning similarities.
Arrows as emblems
Symbolize difference in European iconography.
Iconography of otherness
Visual symbols representing cultural differences.
Cesare Ripa
Authored ‘Iconologia’
Jean de Léry
Wrote about Tupinamba in Brazil.
Savage condition
Represented by figures holding bows and arrows.
Iconographical interpretation
Analyzes images for external meanings.
Physical properties of letters
Material aspects influencing meaning perception.
Countenance
Maintaining dignity through cultural symbols.
Signifying Mark
Material body subordinated to emblematic value.
Iconography
Study of cultural symbols and their meanings.
Opaque Signifiers
Material traces of specific representational practices.
Reflexivity
Arrows point back to the subject’s body.
Labor of Inscription
Process of creating meaning through representation.
De Bry’s Engraving
Illustrates translation of American bodies in art.
Contradictory Readings
Two interpretations of representation coexist simultaneously.
Humanism
Ideological context influencing colonial representations.
Colonialism
Historical practice of acquiring control over foreign lands.
Ethnological Discourse
Study of cultures and their representations.
Historical Field of Mediation
Technologies and practices shaping representation.
Power Structures
Hierarchies influencing cultural and ideological contexts.
Meta-Picture
Image that allows for multiple interpretations.
Self-Referential
Pictures that reflect on their own representation.
Civility and Savagery
Concepts emerging in early modern European culture.
Undecidable Space
Ambiguity between letters and tattoos in representation.
Tattoos
Body markings representing identity and culture.
Letters
Written symbols conveying language and meaning.
Visual Meditation
Reflection on how images produce meaning.
Ambivalence
Uncertainty in colonial representation and interpretation.
Historical Parameters
Contextual boundaries shaping cultural understanding.
Arrows in Representation
Symbols indicating direction toward cultural meanings.
Translation of Bodies
Process of interpreting cultural identities through art.
Joseph-François Lafitau
Jesuit author of comparative ethnology texts.
Mœurs des sauvages ameriquains
1724 work comparing American Indian customs.
Comparative ethnology
Study of cultural similarities across societies.
Frontispiece
Illustrative page preceding a book’s text.
Scientific method
Systematic observation and experimentation process.
Visual allegory
Symbolic representation conveying deeper meanings.
Ethnographer’s muse
Inspiration for ethnographic writing and analysis.
Religious artifacts
Objects representing spiritual beliefs and practices.
The figure of Writing
Symbol of ethnographic documentation and analysis.
The figure of Time
Represents historical context in Lafitau’s work.
Mystic vision
Symbolic depiction of religious origins and narratives.
Biblical nature
Foundation of Lafitau’s ethnographic framework.
New science
Emergence of systematic study during the Enlightenment.
Disordered collection
Chaotic arrangement of artifacts for analysis.
Evidentiary foundations
Basis of evidence supporting ethnographic claims.
Forty-one engraved plates
Illustrations accompanying Lafitau’s comparative project.
Universal religious system
Theoretical framework unifying diverse religious beliefs.
Material letter
Written text representing physical artifacts.
Transparent sign
Symbolic representation devoid of material constraints.
Foucault’s classical episteme
Framework where language becomes neutral and transparent.
Nonspace
Conceptual space where materiality is minimized.
Renaissance episteme
Worldview emphasizing signs and resemblances.
Fragmentary evidence
Incomplete data used for constructing ethnographic narratives.
De Bry’s Letters
Index tattoos and convey material interests.
Rational Goal
Aim to assimilate savages into civilized order.
Illustrated Title Page
Comparison to Lafitau’s frontispiece for context.
Kiwasa
Algonquian idol worshipped in de Bry’s engraving.
Social Hierarchy
Represents proper order in Algonquian society.
Architectural Forms
Symbolize civilized order in de Bry’s work.
Heathenism
False worship of idols instead of true God.
Civilized Order
Material structure contrasting with ethereal ideals.
Nova Alphabet
Twenty-four letters designed by de Bry in 1595.
Letter A
Linked to the Fall in de Bry’s engraving.
Tree of Knowledge
Symbolizes knowledge and disobedience in Genesis.
Satan’s Serpent
Represents temptation in the form of a female.
Divine Soul
Guided by the letter after Adam’s disobedience.
Prelapsarian Condition
State of innocence before Adam and Eve’s fall.
Foundational Support
Letters provide basis for civilized social order.
Memory Recovery
Possibility of returning to original state through letters.
Engraving Technique
Method used by de Bry to convey complex ideas.
Cultural Assimilation
Process of integrating indigenous people into civilization.
Ethnographic Representation
Depicts indigenous societies through European perspectives.
Material Ethnography
Focus on tangible aspects of cultural representation.
Sixteenth-Century Ideal
Reflects European views on social order and hierarchy.
Disobedience Mark
Alphabetical order signifies Adam and Eve’s fall.
Engraving Context
Visual art used to communicate cultural narratives.
Prelapsarian Speech
Speech before the Fall of Adam and Eve.
De Bry’s Engraving
Illustration linking letters to human origins.
Alphabetical Support
Foundation for recovering origins in fallen world.
Adam and A
First man linked to first letter of alphabet.
John Barrett
Author discussing letter A’s significance in 1580.
An Alvearie
Dictionary by John Barrett from 1580.
Sacred Books
Sources of knowledge about Adam’s actions.
Lafitau
Ethnologist separating fall from written narrative.
Ethnographic Allegory
Representation aligning writing with knowledge production.
Nova Alphati
Work illustrating the connection between letters and origins.
Renaissance Literature
Explores historical origins of writing and letters.
Thomas Harriot
Commented on Indians’ lack of letters affecting history.
Algonquians
Indigenous group with inverted origin stories.
Confusion of Origins
Result of lacking written records in cultures.
Fatal Deed
Adam’s action leading to the Fall.
Knowledge Production
Process of creating understanding through letters.
Tradition
Method of passing history orally through generations.
Ethnologist
Scholar studying cultures through written records.
Judeo-Christian Narrative
Story of fall and redemption in scripture.
Alphabet
System of letters used for communication.
Writing Origins
Debate over where and when writing began.
Visualizing Desire
Concept of seeking origins through representation.
Historical Origins
Multiple narratives explaining the beginnings of writing.
Harriot’s Phonetic Alphabet
A system to communicate with Algonquians.
Civilization Narrative
Progress from savage to civilized societies.
Scriptural Order
Hierarchy established through written letters.
De Bry’s Engravings
Visual representation of New World ethnology.
Temporal Relationships
Connections between time and spatial distance.
Ethnological Science
Study of human cultures and their development.
Relativized Temporality
Concept that time varies across cultures.
Eighteenth-Century Frontispiece
Artwork representing the transition of knowledge.
Material Letter
Physical form of writing linking cultures.
Orality vs. Literacy
Contrast between spoken and written communication.
Engraving of the Fall
Depiction illustrating the struggle for authority.
Nova Alphati
De Bry’s work linking letters to civilization.
Confused Savages
Perception of Native Americans by Europeans.
Scriptural Closure
Letters bridging gaps in understanding history.
Comparative Ethnology
Study comparing different cultures and societies.
Savage Marks
Symbols representing indigenous peoples’ identities.
Sacred History
Religious narrative encompassing all peoples’ timelines.
Johannes Fabian
Scholar who analyzed temporal relations in ethnology.
Physical World
Concept where time is linked to space.
Cultural Maturation
Process of societies evolving towards civilization.
Ethnologist’s Task
Mapping temporal relationships in human origins.
Allegorical Figure of Time
Symbol representing the transition from letters to time.
