Week 9 Flashcards
1
Q
mindset
A
- varies in people, even with the same goal
- it is a cognitive framework:
- guides a person’s attention, information processing, and decision making
- includes a person’s thinking about the meaning of effort, success, and failure
- it includes a person’s own personal qualities
- it functions as a cognitive motivational system that produces many downstream consequences in one’s thinking, feeling, and acting
2
Q
deliberative-implemental mindset
A
- two sequential ways of thinking to differentiate the patterns of thought that occurs during goal-setting versus that which occurs during goal-striving
- deliberative and implemental
3
Q
deliberative
A
- open minded way of thinking to consider the desirability and feasibility of a range of possible goals that one might or might not pursue
- goal deliberation and formulation of what to do (goal setting)
- focus on motivation
4
Q
implemental
A
- post-decisional close-minded way of thinking that considers only information related to goal attainment and shields against non-goal-related considerations
- planning and action to attain the goal (goal striving)
- focus on volition
5
Q
promotion-prevention mindset
A
- two different orientations people adopt during goal striving to distinguish an eager improvement-based regulatory style from a vigilant security-based regulatory style
- promotion and prevention
6
Q
promotion
A
- focus on advancing the self toward ideals by adopting an eager locomotion behavioural strategy
- involved a sensitivity to positive outcomes
- striving to attain what one does not yet have
Antecedents: - attention to improvement needs
- goals are seen as ideals: hopes and aspirations
- situations signaling possible gain
Consequences: - sensitivity is to positive outcomes
- motivational orientation is to attain gains
- behavioural strategy is fast, eager, locomotion
- emotionality: cheerfulness versus dejection
7
Q
prevention
A
- focus on preventing the self from not maintaining one’s duties and responsibilities by adopting a vigilant behavioural strategy
- involves a sensitivity to negative outcomes
- striving to maintain and not lose what one already has
Antecedents: - attention to security needs
- goals are seen as oughts: obligations, responsibilities
- situations signaling possible loss
8
Q
growth-fixed mindset
A
- two contrasting ways of thinking about the nature of one’s personal qualities
- growth: belief that one’s personal qualities are malleable, changeable, and can be developed through effort; incremental theorists - the more you try and the more you learn the, better you get
- fixed: belief that one’s personal qualities are fixed, set, and not open to change; entity theorists - you either have it or yu don’t
9
Q
fixed mindset
A
- high effort means low ability
- on difficult endeavors, they tend to adopt maladaptive motivational patterns by withholding effort, engaging in self-handicapping to protect the self, never really understanding or appreciating what effort expenditures can do for them in life
- tend to attribute poor performance to low ability so the typical response is to withdraw effort
10
Q
growth mindset
A
- effort is a tool; the means by which people turn on and vitalize the development of their skills and abilities
- tend to attribute poor performance to not trying hard enough, so the typical response is to increase effort
11
Q
consistency-dissonance mindset
A
- near universal self-view that one is a competent, moral, and reasonable person
- consistency, dissonance
- magnitude of the dissonance has motivational properties; when intense and uncomfortable enough, the person begins to seek ways to eliminate, or at least reduce it
12
Q
consistency
A
- information and behavioural actions that, yes, one is a competent, moral, and reasonable person
- two beliefs are consonant when one follows from the other
13
Q
4 ways to reduce experienced dissonance
A
- remove the dissonant belief
- reduce the importance of the dissonant belief
- add a new consonant belief
- increase the importance of the consonant belief
- reality, importance, and personal costs work to support one’s current beliefs, while dissonance puts pressure on hypocritical ways of thinking and behaving
- dissonance-arousing situations: choice, insufficient justification, effort justification, new information
14
Q
personal control beliefs
A
- the motivation to exercise personal control over what does and does not happen to us - having control over the environment and life’s outcomes
- strength with which one tries to exercise personal control is directly related to the strengths of one’s expectancies of being able to do so
15
Q
two kinds of expectancies
A
efficacy expectations - Can I do it?: expectations of being able to enact the behaviours one needs in order to cope effectively with the situation at hand
- Outcome expectations - Will it work? : expectations that one’s behaviour will produce positive outcomes (or prevent negative outcomes)
16
Q
Self-Efficacy
A
- one’s judgment of how well (or poorly) one will cope with a situation, given the skills one possesses and the circumstances one faces
17
Q
sources of self-efficacy
A
- personal behaviour history
- vicarious experience
- verbal persuasion
- physiological state
18
Q
Self-efficacy effects on behaviour
A
- choice (approach versus avoid)
- effort and persistence
- thinking and decision making
- emotional reactions (stress, anxiety)
19
Q
mastery beliefs
A
- reflect the extent of perceived control one has over attaining desirable outcomes and preventing aversive ones
20
Q
coping with failure
A
- mastery motivational orientation refers to a hardy, resistant portrayal of the self during encounters of failure - so a person remains task-oriented and focused on achieving mastery in spite of difficulties and setbacks
- helpless motivational orientation refers to a fragile view of the self during encounters of failure - so a person gives up and withdraws, acting as if the situation were out of control
- the self-denigration, negative mood, and immature strategies signal the presence of helplessness is how quickly and how emphatically the performer gives up
21
Q
Learned helplessness
A
- it is the psychological state that results when an individual expects that life’s outcomes are uncontrollable
- mastery orientation: my behaviour controlled the outcome that happens to me, other (uncontrollable) influences have some effect as well
- learnedd helplessness: my behaviour has little effect of outcomes that happen to me and other(uncontrollable) influences controls this outcome
22
Q
self-regulation
A
- aka self-control is the capacity: to override natural and automatic tendencies, desires, or behaviours; to pursue long-term goals, even at the expense of short-term attractions; to follow socially prescribed norms and rules
- it can be conceptualized from various perspectives: cognitive-affective processing model or hot/cool systems; feedback or TOTE loops
23
Q
delay of gratification paradigm
A
series of experiments on delayed gratification
- dilemma = get smaller reward immediately or wait for a larger reward
- predictive of various long-term outcomes
Role played by temporal discounting - perceived subjective value of a delayed reward decreases systematically as the length of the expected delay interval increases
Mechanisms underlying delayed gratification (self-regulation): cognitive “cool” system and emotional “hot” system
24
Q
Hot and cool systems
A
Hot system = impulses (go system) that enables quick emotional processes of information (automatic information)
Cool system = opposite of hot
25
Q
Limited strength model
A
- construct of self-regulatory strength (willpower) is relevant at the stage of the TOTE model, when a person has detected a discrepancy and is ready to initiate actions to reduce it
Model: - people are able to control their urges to some extent but after a certain point the energy available to do so becomes depleted
- all self-regulatory acts draw upon the same pool of energy
- subsequent attempts at self-regulation are increasingly likely to fail
Ex. the radish experiment
26
Q
Ego depletion
A
- ego strength becomes depleted by extended bouts of self-regulation
- empirical evidence: self-control and dieting, self-control and addiction, emotional regulation thought suppression
- a physiological account of ego depletion: glucose hypothesis
