week 3

Question 1

Three types of needs

Answer 1

Physiological/biological needs
Psychological needs
Social needs (implicit motives)

Question 2

Physiological needs

Answer 2

biological condition within the organism
synchronization for optimal bodily functioning (ex. brain, hormones, organs, etc.)
correction of bodily imbalances
examples: thirst, hunger, sex, sleep

Question 3

Psychological needs

Answer 3

inherent psychological process
underline a proactive desire to interact with the environment
promote psychological well-being, social development and personal growth
examples: autonomy, competency, belongingness (relatedness)

Question 4

Social needs

Answer 4

developmentally acquired psychological process (personal experience)
desire to seek out and spend time interacting with environmental events associated with positive emotions
examples: achievement, affiliation, power

Question 5

General characteristics of needs

Answer 5

they generate energetic and persistent behaviour
differ from one another through their effects on the direction of behaviour
some generate deficiency motivation, while others generate growth motivation
( - emotions associated with deficiency-based needs are negative in nature, mostly tension-packed and urgency-laden
- emotions associated with growth-based needs are mostly positive in nature)

Question 6

fundamtentals of regulation graph

Answer 6

satiated state
gradual physiologcal deprivation
bodily need
need intensify - psychological drive
goal-directed behaviour to gratify drive
consummatory behaviour
drive is reduced
satiated state

Question 7

Physiological need

Answer 7

deficient biological condition - bodily deficit

Question 8

psychological drive

Answer 8

conscious manifestation of an underlying unconscious biological need - has motivational properties

Question 9

homeostasis

Answer 9

body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal state

Question 10

negative feedback

Answer 10

homeostasis’ physiological stop system

signal that physiological need is fully replenished

Question 11

multiple inputs/multiple outputs

Answer 11

drive arises from a number of different sources (inputs) and motivates a number of different goal-directed behaviours (outputs)

Question 12

intraorganismic mechanisms

Answer 12

biologically regulatory systems that act in concert to activate, maintain, and terminate the physiological needs that underlie the drive

Question 13

extraorganismic mechanisms

Answer 13

environmental influences that play a role in activating, maintaining, and terminating the drive

Question 14

thirst

Answer 14

• it is the consciously experienced motivational state that readies the body to perform behaviours necessary to replenish a water deficit (i.e. when the loss of water is below an optimal homeostatic level
• activation - comes mostly from dehydrated cells
• satiety - negative feedback system prevent drinking so much water that cellular dysfunction occurs and threatens death
• environmental influences: the role of taste and its incentive value for drinking

Question 15

hunger

Answer 15

• it does not strictly follow as depletion-repletion model
• its regulation involves:
  shrot term processes operating under homeostatic regulation (short-term appetite model - glucostatic hypothesis)
  long-term processes operating under metabolic regulation and stored energy (long-term energy balance model - lipostatic hypothesos)

Question 16

restraint-release situations

Answer 16

• dieting and fasting can interfere with physiological guides
• behaviour becomes under cognitive control, rather than physiological control
  problems: body defends its weight (glucostatic and lipostatic hypothesis); and cognitive controls do not feature a negative feedback system
• generates an increased susceptibility to disinhibition, especially under conditions of anxiety, stress, alcohol, depression, or exposure to high calorie foods

Question 17

failure to regulate physiological needs

Answer 17

• tendency to underestimate th epower of biological urges when not experiencing them
• issues with standards - inconsistent, conflicting, unrealistic, inappropriate, absent
• failure in monitoring behaviour
• solution: mental control that focuses on realistic standards, long-term goals, and on monitoring what one is doing

Question 18

psychological needs

Answer 18

while physiological needs are reactive in nature, psychological needs are proactive (growth)
an organismic approach to needs
- entity that is alive and in active exchange with its environment
- organism depends on the environment as if offers the resources it needs to be well
- supportive environments allow individuals to thrive, while hostile environments generates suffering
- focus is on: how organisms initiate interactions with the environment; how environments change; and how organisms learn, adapt, change, and grow as a function of those environmental transations
- autonomy, competence, and belongingness are organismic psychological needs

Question 19

Person-Environment dialect

Answer 19

• relationship between person and environment is reciprocal
• the person-environment dialect is a transformational activity (i.e. constantly changing)
• proactive individuals seek out and engage in the challenges of the environment (promoting expression of the self; desire for effective interaction with the environment)
• environment may nurture and enrich the individual’s inner resources (facilitating development/synthesis)
• environment may disrupt and thwart the individual’s inner resources (leading to less optimal development/conflict)

Question 20

Synthesis vs. Conflict

Answer 20

ENGAGEMENT
- how actively involved the person is in the activity at hand
- opposite outcome: defiance
DEVELOPMENTAL GROWTH
- how agentic, mature, responsible, authentic, interpersonally connected, self-motivating, effacious, and self-regulating the individual is
- opposite outcome: developmental regression and alienation
HEALTH
- functionally efficiency of the mind and body and absence of illness, disease, and pathology
- a person’s behaviour best predicts health-related outcomes
- opposite outcome: illness and decay
WELL-BEING
- presence of positive emotionality, absence of negative emotionality, having a sense of meaning or purpose, and being satisfied with one’s life
- opposite outcome: ill-being

Question 21

Need for autonomy

Answer 21

• autonomy is the psychological need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one’s behaviour
• perceived autonomy as a state: 3 subjective qualities (ways to estimate perceived autonomy)
  Internal perceived locus of causality
  volition (feeling free)
  perceived choice over one’s actions

Question 22

supporting autonomy

Answer 22

• providing a choice among prescribed options offered by others has been shown to not involve the need for autonomy (picking vs. choosing)
• environmental influences that are autonomy supportive: need to take the other’s perspective; need to identify, nurture, and vitalize the other’s inner motivational resources
• interpersonal behaviours associated with autonomy support: nurturing inner motivational resources; providing explanatory rationales; listening empathically, relying on informational language; displaying patience; acknowledging and accepting expressions of negative affect