week 3 Flashcards
Three types of needs
Physiological/biological needs
Psychological needs
Social needs (implicit motives)
Physiological needs
biological condition within the organism
synchronization for optimal bodily functioning (ex. brain, hormones, organs, etc.)
correction of bodily imbalances
examples: thirst, hunger, sex, sleep
Psychological needs
inherent psychological process
underline a proactive desire to interact with the environment
promote psychological well-being, social development and personal growth
examples: autonomy, competency, belongingness (relatedness)
Social needs
developmentally acquired psychological process (personal experience)
desire to seek out and spend time interacting with environmental events associated with positive emotions
examples: achievement, affiliation, power
General characteristics of needs
they generate energetic and persistent behaviour
differ from one another through their effects on the direction of behaviour
some generate deficiency motivation, while others generate growth motivation
( - emotions associated with deficiency-based needs are negative in nature, mostly tension-packed and urgency-laden
- emotions associated with growth-based needs are mostly positive in nature)
fundamtentals of regulation graph
satiated state gradual physiologcal deprivation bodily need need intensify - psychological drive goal-directed behaviour to gratify drive consummatory behaviour drive is reduced satiated state
Physiological need
deficient biological condition - bodily deficit
psychological drive
conscious manifestation of an underlying unconscious biological need - has motivational properties
homeostasis
body’s tendency to maintain a stable internal state
negative feedback
homeostasis’ physiological stop system
signal that physiological need is fully replenished
multiple inputs/multiple outputs
drive arises from a number of different sources (inputs) and motivates a number of different goal-directed behaviours (outputs)
intraorganismic mechanisms
biologically regulatory systems that act in concert to activate, maintain, and terminate the physiological needs that underlie the drive
extraorganismic mechanisms
environmental influences that play a role in activating, maintaining, and terminating the drive
thirst
- it is the consciously experienced motivational state that readies the body to perform behaviours necessary to replenish a water deficit (i.e. when the loss of water is below an optimal homeostatic level
- activation - comes mostly from dehydrated cells
- satiety - negative feedback system prevent drinking so much water that cellular dysfunction occurs and threatens death
- environmental influences: the role of taste and its incentive value for drinking
hunger
- it does not strictly follow as depletion-repletion model
- its regulation involves:
shrot term processes operating under homeostatic regulation (short-term appetite model - glucostatic hypothesis)
long-term processes operating under metabolic regulation and stored energy (long-term energy balance model - lipostatic hypothesos)
restraint-release situations
- dieting and fasting can interfere with physiological guides
- behaviour becomes under cognitive control, rather than physiological control
problems: body defends its weight (glucostatic and lipostatic hypothesis); and cognitive controls do not feature a negative feedback system - generates an increased susceptibility to disinhibition, especially under conditions of anxiety, stress, alcohol, depression, or exposure to high calorie foods
failure to regulate physiological needs
- tendency to underestimate th epower of biological urges when not experiencing them
- issues with standards - inconsistent, conflicting, unrealistic, inappropriate, absent
- failure in monitoring behaviour
- solution: mental control that focuses on realistic standards, long-term goals, and on monitoring what one is doing
psychological needs
while physiological needs are reactive in nature, psychological needs are proactive (growth)
an organismic approach to needs
- entity that is alive and in active exchange with its environment
- organism depends on the environment as if offers the resources it needs to be well
- supportive environments allow individuals to thrive, while hostile environments generates suffering
- focus is on: how organisms initiate interactions with the environment; how environments change; and how organisms learn, adapt, change, and grow as a function of those environmental transations
- autonomy, competence, and belongingness are organismic psychological needs
Person-Environment dialect
- relationship between person and environment is reciprocal
- the person-environment dialect is a transformational activity (i.e. constantly changing)
- proactive individuals seek out and engage in the challenges of the environment (promoting expression of the self; desire for effective interaction with the environment)
- environment may nurture and enrich the individual’s inner resources (facilitating development/synthesis)
- environment may disrupt and thwart the individual’s inner resources (leading to less optimal development/conflict)
Synthesis vs. Conflict
ENGAGEMENT
- how actively involved the person is in the activity at hand
- opposite outcome: defiance
DEVELOPMENTAL GROWTH
- how agentic, mature, responsible, authentic, interpersonally connected, self-motivating, effacious, and self-regulating the individual is
- opposite outcome: developmental regression and alienation
HEALTH
- functionally efficiency of the mind and body and absence of illness, disease, and pathology
- a person’s behaviour best predicts health-related outcomes
- opposite outcome: illness and decay
WELL-BEING
- presence of positive emotionality, absence of negative emotionality, having a sense of meaning or purpose, and being satisfied with one’s life
- opposite outcome: ill-being
Need for autonomy
- autonomy is the psychological need to experience self-direction and personal endorsement in the initiation and regulation of one’s behaviour
- perceived autonomy as a state: 3 subjective qualities (ways to estimate perceived autonomy)
Internal perceived locus of causality
volition (feeling free)
perceived choice over one’s actions
supporting autonomy
- providing a choice among prescribed options offered by others has been shown to not involve the need for autonomy (picking vs. choosing)
- environmental influences that are autonomy supportive: need to take the other’s perspective; need to identify, nurture, and vitalize the other’s inner motivational resources
- interpersonal behaviours associated with autonomy support: nurturing inner motivational resources; providing explanatory rationales; listening empathically, relying on informational language; displaying patience; acknowledging and accepting expressions of negative affect
