Week 9 Flashcards
What was the time frame of the First Industrial Revolution?
1750-1869
What major change did steam power bring to industry?
Mechanization of industries
What was the Arithmometer and who created it?
A calculating machine created by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar
What was a key feature of the Second Industrial Revolution?
Standardization and mass consumption
Fill in the blank: The steam engine was first patented in _______.
1769
Who improved upon Thomas Newcomen’s steam engine?
James Watt & Matthew Boulton
What was the impact of the Jacquard Loom?
It contributed to automation in the textile industry
What was the purpose of Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine?
To produce mathematical tables and prevent calculation errors
What is Taylorism?
A system to improve industrial efficiency through optimization of work processes
Who is known for developing the tabulating machine?
Herman Hollerith
True or False: The artisan system was flourishing during the early 19th century.
False
What significant societal change occurred due to the Industrial Revolution?
Massive movements of the population from rural to urban communities
What was the primary energy source before the Industrial Revolution?
Burning wood, running water, wind
What was a major consequence of the increased use of steam power?
Environmental consequences due to coal usage
What did the rise of industrialists like Carnegie and Rockefeller signify?
The emergence of a new economic class
Fill in the blank: The average mill in Manchester had around _______ workers by the 1830s.
400
What was the role of the mechanical office during the Second Industrial Revolution?
To handle communications, record storage, bookkeeping, and accounting
What did the formation of the working class signify between 1790 and 1840?
Transition from the artisan system to industrial labor
What was one of the first strikes recorded in Montreal?
Carpenters’ strike in 1833
What was the main goal of the labour movement during the Industrial Revolution?
To improve working conditions and wage rights
What is the significance of the year 1896 in relation to pollution?
Svante Arrhenius discussed coal burning and fog in 1896
This year marks a critical point in understanding the environmental impact of industrialization.
What are the main components that lead to acid rain?
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide
These components transform into sulphuric and nitric acids in the atmosphere.
What health issues were common due to poor urban sanitation during the Industrial Revolution?
Cholera, typhoid, tuberculosis, and smallpox
High mortality rates were linked to these diseases.
What did Edwin Chadwick’s Report (1842) highlight?
Poor living conditions and the need for reforms
This report was influential in the Public Health Movement.
What was established by the Public Health Act of 1848 in the UK?
Local boards of health
This act aimed to promote sanitation and disease control.
Who was John Snow and what was his contribution during the 1854 cholera outbreak?
He advocated for clean water
His work was pivotal in linking water quality to disease.
What engineering advancement did Joseph Bazalgette contribute to public health?
Modern sewage systems
These systems were designed to reduce waterborne diseases.
What scientific evidence did Louis Pasteur provide?
Microbes cause diseases
His work shifted focus towards vaccination.
What role did coffee houses play in the mid-19th century?
Substitutes for drinking saloons
They were promoted as places of entertainment without the negative associations of alcohol.
Define alcoholism as per the 19th-century understanding.
Uncontrollable compulsion to drink wine
This concept was linked to social and health issues of the time.
Who invented the term ‘alcoholism’ and in what year?
Magnus Huss in 1852
This term marked a significant development in the medical understanding of alcohol-related issues.
What were some hygienic measures promoted to improve public health?
Frequent hand washing, no spitting, keep work surfaces clean
These measures aimed to reduce the spread of diseases.
List some forms of public leisure mentioned.
- Opera
- Races
- Public Houses (Pubs)
- Sports
- Parks
These activities were part of the urban social fabric.
In what year was cinema introduced as a form of public leisure?
1895
This marked a significant cultural shift in entertainment.
What did the term ‘œnomanie’ refer to in the 19th century?
Growing concern with mental health related to alcohol consumption
This term reflects the medical community’s interest in the psychological effects of drinking.
What was a key concern in France related to alcoholism during the 1880s?
Increase in murders linked to alcohol
Statistics suggested a rise in violent crime associated with excessive drinking.
What was the public perception of Parisian workers regarding alcohol consumption?
Described as debauched drunks and violent maniacs
This stereotype was perpetuated by hygienists and reflected societal attitudes towards the working class.
What were the two main phases of the Industrial Revolution?
The First (1750–1869) and Second (1870–1914) Industrial Revolutions.
What major shift characterized the First Industrial Revolution?
Transition from artisanal to mechanized factory production using steam power.
What was the primary energy source introduced during the First Industrial Revolution?
Steam power fueled by coal.
Who improved the steam engine and made it more efficient?
James Watt, with support from Matthew Boulton.
What was the impact of steam engines on transportation?
Enabled steamboats and trains, connecting major cities across Britain by the 1850s.
What invention helped kickstart industrial textile production?
The Spinning Jenny (1765) and the Mule (1779).
What did the Jacquard Loom introduce that inspired later computing?
Automation using punch cards.
What was the Arithmometer, and why was it important?
A mechanical calculator by Thomas de Colmar; early example of mass-marketed tech.
Who designed the Difference and Analytical Engines?
Charles Babbage.
What did Ada Lovelace contribute to computing?
She imagined the programmable potential of Babbage’s Analytical Engine.
What is Taylorism?
A system of scientific management to improve efficiency by studying and optimizing work processes.
What were some features of Taylorism?
Division of labor, motion studies, standardization, pay-per-piece.
What is Fordism?
A form of industrial production using assembly lines to mass-produce goods.
Who invented the tabulating machine used in the 1890 US Census?
Herman Hollerith.
What company did Hollerith’s business become?
IBM (International Business Machines Corporation).
What were the main tools in the early mechanical office?
Tabulators, typewriters, filing systems, and adding machines.
How did the workforce change during industrialization?
Rise of the working class, decline of the artisan system, wage labor replaced mastery.
What was the Lachine Canal Strike of 1843?
One of the earliest worker strikes in industrial Canada, demanding better labor conditions.
When did unions begin to form in Canada?
Early 1800s: typographers (1827), tailors (1830s), carpenters (1818).
What major change did the Second Industrial Revolution bring?
Standardization, mass consumption, new industries (steel, oil), and a managerial class.
What were the environmental impacts of steam power and coal?
Air and water pollution, deforestation, and urban smog due to coal-burning industries.
What was the impact of coal burning in 19th century cities?
Coal burning caused ‘London fog,’ a thick industrial smog, and led to pollution, contributing to acid rain, which harmed ecosystems and cities.
Who linked fossil fuel emissions to climate effects in 1896?
Svante Arrhenius.
What causes acid rain?
The combination of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, which form sulphuric and nitric acids, leading to acid rain.
What was the result of rapid industrialization in 19th century cities?
Overcrowding, poor sanitation, disease outbreaks, and the rise of public health and urban reform movements.
What significant urban reform took place in Paris between 1853-1870?
Paris underwent renovations, including modernizing sewers, streets, and housing, to address urban issues.
What did Edwin Chadwick’s 1842 report highlight?
The poor living conditions of laborers in industrial cities.
What public health law was introduced in Britain in 1848?
The Public Health Act, which established local boards of health.
Who traced the 1854 cholera outbreak to contaminated water?
John Snow.
What did Joseph Bazalgette contribute to public health?
He built modern sewer systems in London to combat waterborne diseases.
How did medical thinking shift from miasma to germ theory?
Louis Pasteur proved that diseases were caused by microbes, leading to the development of vaccinations.
Why did clean water become a symbol of modern urban life?
It was linked to health and seen as a healthier alternative to alcohol, leading to the promotion of tea and coffee.
What role did coffee houses play in the 19th century?
Coffee houses became socially acceptable, healthier alternatives to saloons, promoting morality and offering affordable social spaces.
Who coined the term ‘alcoholism’ in 1852?
Magnus Huss from Sweden.
How was alcoholism viewed in the 19th century?
It was seen as a medical and moral issue linked to liver disease, mental illness, poverty, and social unrest, especially among workers.
What were some popular leisure activities in industrial cities?
Opera, horse races, sports, pubs, parks, and the emerging cinema.
What cultural impact did the invention of cinema in 1895 have?
Cinema became a popular and affordable form of mass entertainment, reshaping public leisure and reflecting modern life.
What was the connection between alcohol and social issues in the 1800s?
Alcoholism was linked to rising violence and poverty, especially among industrial workers, and was seen as contributing to social degradation.
How did the public health movement address sanitation in cities?
It led to the construction of modern sewer systems and the promotion of clean water to reduce disease spread.
What was the significance of the rise of public leisure spaces?
They provided entertainment, helped manage social unrest, and created spaces for collective socialization, contributing to modern urban culture.
