Week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Injuries of the head, face and throat

A
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • esophagus
  • sternocleidomastoid
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2
Q

Laynx

A
  • voice box
  • connects throat to trachea
  • prevents food from getting into trachea while breathing
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3
Q

Trachea

A
  • brings air from throat to lungs
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4
Q

Esophagus

A
  • brings food from throat to stomach
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5
Q

Relevant arteries, veins and nerves

A
  • carotid artery
  • jugular vein
  • subclavian artery and vein
  • vagus nerve
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6
Q

Bones of the face

A
  • frontal bone
  • orbital bones
  • nasal bone
  • zygomatic bones
  • maxilla
  • mandible
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7
Q

Bones of the head and face

A
  • frontal bone
  • parietal bones
  • temporal bones
  • occipital bone
  • temporomandibular joint
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8
Q

Temporomandibular joint

A
  • hinge joint btwn temporal bone and mandible
  • articular disc within joint
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9
Q

Muscles that act on the TMJ

A
  • temporalis
  • pterygoids (medial and lateral)
  • masseter
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10
Q

Injuries to anterior neck MOI

A
  • blunt force to anterior neck/throat by stick, puck, ball, opponent
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11
Q

What sports are injuries to the anterior neck common in?

A
  • field hockey
  • hockey
  • lacrosse
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12
Q

Signs and symptoms of injuries to the anterior neck

A
  • pressure
  • difficulty swallowing (feels thick)
  • difficulty breathing
  • panicky
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13
Q

What is there a risk of with injuries to the anterior neck?

A
  • larynx fracture
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14
Q

Major bleeds MOI

A
  • skate, stick, contact with boards leading to a laceration of carotid artery, jugular vein, subclavian vein
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15
Q

Acute management of major bleeds

A
  • pressure
  • rapid call to EMS
  • treat for shock
  • vascular surgical team to repair damaged vessels
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16
Q

Prevention of major bleeds

A
  • neck guards
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17
Q

Neck guard mandates

A
  • in place for junior leagues
  • no mandate in NHL
  • imp to find out policies for leagues you are working with
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18
Q

What are the different facial injuries?

A
  • eye-poke injuries
  • fractures
  • auricular hematomas
  • lacerations
  • TMJ conditions
  • dental injuries
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19
Q

What does eye-poke injuries commonly result in?

A
  • subconjunctival hemorrhage
  • corneal abrasion
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20
Q

Subconjunctival hemorrhage

A
  • bright red bleeding/spot on white of eye from broken blood vessel
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21
Q

Corneal abrasion

A
  • scratch on surface of eye
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22
Q

Signs and symptoms of eye-poke injuries

A
  • mild discomfort
  • irritation
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23
Q

Acute management of eye-poke injuries

A
  • cold compress
  • refer for eye exam
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24
Q

When should you refer for an eye poke injury?

A
  • vision changes
  • shadows
  • floaters
  • pressure
  • pain
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25
Q

What serious conditions are you at risk for with an eye-poke injury?

A
  • retinal tears/detachment
  • deeper damage to eye/vessels
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26
Q

Facial fractures MOI

A
  • direct trauma via opponent, puck, ball
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27
Q

What sports are facial fractures common in?

A
  • hockey
  • football
  • rugby
  • baseball
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28
Q

Which types of facial fractures are most common?

A
  • zygomatic-maxillary-orbital
  • isolated mandibular
  • nasal fractures
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29
Q

Signs and symptoms of facial fractures

A
  • TOP fracture site
  • racoon eyes
  • swelling
  • divots
  • deformities
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30
Q

Acute management of facial fractures

A
  • PIER
  • refer
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31
Q

Auricular hematoma MOI

A
  • blunt trauma
  • repetitive friction
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32
Q

Signs and symptoms of auricular hematoma

A
  • pain
  • swelling
  • bruising
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33
Q

What can an auricular hematoma lead to?

A
  • blood accumulates btwn connective tissue and cartilage of ear = increased pressure
  • can lead to necrosis of cartilage from blood supply being cut off
34
Q

Cauliflower ear

A
  • aka wrestler’s ear
  • results if blood is not drained resulting in cartilage becoming deformed
35
Q

What sports is auricular hematoma common in?

A
  • wrestling
  • boxing
  • judo
36
Q

Acute management of auricular hematoma

A
  • PIER
  • add pressure by packing ear with folded gauze to prevent fluid accumulation and maybe magnets
37
Q

Lacerations (facial injury) MOI

A
  • blunt trauma
  • sharp object
38
Q

How to handle lacerations of the face

A
  • refer for stitches
39
Q

Acute care of lacerations to the face

A
  • pressure
  • steri-strips
40
Q

TMJ conditions MOI

A
  • direct trauma to mandible
  • cumulative repeat impacts
41
Q

Which sports are TMJ conditions most common?

A
  • contact sports
42
Q

What can TMJ conditions result in?

A
  • dislocations
  • fractures
  • sprains
  • articular disc injuries
  • muscle tension/strains
  • clicking/altered joint mechanics
  • headaches
43
Q

Dental injuries MOI

A
  • direct blow
44
Q

Common sports related dental injuries

A
  • tooth (crown) fractures
  • tooth intrusion
  • tooth extrusion
  • tooth avulsion
45
Q

Tooth intrusion

A
  • tooth gets forced into the bone
46
Q

Tooth extrusion

A
  • tooth gets forces out of the bone
47
Q

Tooth avulsion

A
  • complete removal from socket
48
Q

Acute management of dental injuries

A
  • ensure broken teeth removed from mouth
  • rule out concussion & C-spine
  • refer to dentist
  • ER
  • rolled gauze to control bleeding
  • on-field Dr. can supply numbing agent
49
Q

Prevention of dental injuries

A
  • mouthguards
50
Q

Types of headaches seen in sport

A
  • dehydration
  • cervicogenic
  • concussion
51
Q

What percentage of headaches are dehydration headaches?

52
Q

Cervicogenic headaches

A
  • muscle tension
  • joint dysfunction
53
Q

Concussions (mild traumatic brain injuries) MOI

A
  • direct blow of indirect
54
Q

What type of injury are concussions?

A
  • functional injury but physical damage needs to be ruled out
  • transient change of neurological function
55
Q

Cause of concussions

A
  • stretch and shearing of axons
  • stretch, ion exchange, depolarization of action potentials
  • results in an electrical storm
56
Q

Signs of concussion

A
  • vomiting
  • disorientation
  • memory loss
  • loss of consciousness
57
Q

Symptoms of concussion

A
  • headache, pressure, migraines
  • cognitive changes
  • vestibular system changes
  • nausea
  • fatigue
  • fogginess
  • mood changes
58
Q

Symptoms of concussion- cognitive changes

A
  • decreased focus and thought processing
  • difficulty following instructions/directions
59
Q

Symptoms of concussion- vestibular system changes

A
  • dizziness
  • motion sensitivity
  • decreased balance & coordination
60
Q

Symptoms of concussion- mood changes

A
  • anxiety
  • depression
  • irritability
61
Q

What injury is often missed with a concussion?

A
  • c-spine injuries
  • can contribute to symptoms
62
Q

What does assessing a concussion include?

A
  • interviews
  • physical exams
  • testing
63
Q

Two common assessment tools

A
  1. SCAT6 - sport concussion assessment tool
  2. ImPACT testing (immediate post-concussion assessment and cognitive testing)
64
Q

SCAT6

A
  • standardized tool for evaluating concussions
  • sideline and clinical
  • designed for health care professionals
  • takes 10-15 min to be done exactly
65
Q

ImPACT Testing

A
  • computerized objective tool (clinical only)
  • requires baseline test
  • measures memory, attention span, visual & verbal problem solving
66
Q

Components of concussion assessment SCAT6- immediate assessment/neuro scan (on-field)

A
  1. Observable signs
  2. Glasgow Coma scale (LOC)
  3. Cervical spine assessment
  4. Coordination & ocular/motor screen (visual, vestibular)
  5. Memory assessment maddocks questions (cognitive)
67
Q

Components of SCAT6 - immediate assessment: observable signs

A
  • athlete position
  • athlete behaviour
  • MOI
68
Q

Components of SCAT6 - immediate assessment: Glasgow coma scale

A
  • eye
  • verbal
  • motor responses
69
Q

Components of SCAT6 - immediate assessment: cervical spine assessment

A
  • pain at rest
  • TOP
  • AROM
  • limbs
70
Q

Components of SCAT6 - immediate assessment: coordination & ocular/motor screen

A
  • finger to nose
  • follow finger
71
Q

Components of SCAT6 - immediate assessment: memory assessment maddocks questions

A
  • questions re venue
  • game
  • past games
72
Q

Components of concussion assessment SCAT6- Off field assessment

A
  1. Athlete background
  2. Symptom evaluation
  3. Cognitive screening
  4. Coordination & balance examination
  5. Delayed recall
  6. Decision
73
Q

Components of concussion assessment SCAT6- Off field assessment: cognitive screening

A

a) orientation
b) immediate memory
c) concentration

74
Q

Post-concussion syndrome

A

Timeframes vary
- >3 months
- >4 weeks
- >7-10 days post injury

75
Q

Concussion testing and rehabilitation tools

A
  • helps to zero in on the primary issues limiting recovery
  • which system is exacerbating systems
  • focuses on establishing functional neural pathways in the brain to support complete recovery
76
Q

Which systems could be exacerbating concussion symptoms?

A
  • visual
  • vestibular
  • physiologic
  • cervicogenic
  • psychological
77
Q

What is no longer the recommendation for concussions?

A
  • complete rest with no stimulation
78
Q

What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A
  • progressive degenerative brain disorder caused by repeat head injuries
79
Q

Signs and symptoms of chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A
  • memory loss
  • confusion
  • headaches
  • irritable mood
  • aggression
  • depression
  • slurred speech
  • unsteady/altered motor control
80
Q

Concussion injury prevention

A
  • mouthguards
  • proper helmet fitting
  • safe technique
  • concussion education
81
Q

What does concussion education include?

A
  • early identification
  • No RTP with even 1 symptom
  • safe & progressive RTP