Week 1 Flashcards
Primary prevention
Reducing the incident of injury before they occur
Secondary prevention
Addressing injuries in their early state to prevent recurrence, severity and/or secondary complications
Examples of primary prevention
- safe field/court conditions
- environmental conditions
- protective equipment
- knowledge of medical conditions
- proper warm-up/cool-down
- progression of training
- nutrition/hydration
- scanning for unsafe technique
- recognize injury patterns
- collaboration with coaches, S&C
- preventative bracing
Examples of secondary prevention
- early identification of injuries
- bracing/taping/wrapping
- sufficient rehab
- education on risk
- sufficient reconditioning post injury (including psych readiness)
When should we brace instead of tape?
- ongoing conditions
- larger joints requiring complex tape jobs (knee ligaments, shoulder dislocation)
Pros of taping
Some athletes report it feels tighter/more secure (proprioceptive feedback)
Cons of taping
Does not maintain its integrity for as long as bracing
Benefits of orthotics
- noticeable difference in biomechanics up the chain
- effective for anyone working long shifts on feet
What should orthotics be in combination with?
Supportive rehab to retain intrinsic and extrinsic foot muscles and movement patterns
Types of sports injuries
- Urgent vs non-urgent
- Traumatic vs overuse
- Acute vs chronic
How do muscles/tendons get injured?
- strain
- tendonitis/osis
- contusion
How do ligaments get injured?
- sprain
- overstretch, dislocations, subluxations
How do bones get injured?
- fracture/break
- bruise
How do nerves get injured?
- burner/stinger
- contusion/crush injury
How does the brain get injured?
- concussion, acquired brain injury (ABI)
- direct or indirect trauma
How does the skin get injured?
- lacerations, abrasions
- contusions
Classification of sprains and strains- Grade 1 or 1st degree
Tissues stretch/some fibres disrupted
1st degree sprain
integrity of joint maintained
1st degree strain
Contractions are strong but painful
Classification of sprains and strains- Grade 2 or 2nd degree
Partial tear/many fibres disrupted
2nd degree sprain
Some instability/laxity in the joint
2nd degree strain
Contractions are weak and very painful
Classification of sprains and strains- Grade 3 or 3rd degree
Complete tear
3rd degree sprain
Significant instability/laxity in joint
3rd degree strain
Unable to contract and often pain free (nerve ending fibres torn too)
Contusions (brusies)
Crush injury to the muscle and connective tissue from blunt trauma
How does the muscle respond to contusions?
- pain
- discolouration
- swelling
- spasm/guarding (DON’T massage this)
- reflex inhibition
What is reflex inhibition?
Pain and swelling can stop voluntary muscle contraction resulting in weakness/giving out
What is the difference between tendonitis and tendonosis?
“itis”–>inflammation
“osis”–> tissue breakdown
Common overuse (tendonitis) injuries
- bursitis
- shin splints
- stress fractures
Role of the student trainer
- EAP
- primary and secondary prevention
- scene survey
- stabilize C spine, injured limb
- assess
- reassure
- provide necessary immediate care
- determine safe removal from playing surface
- prevent secondary complications
- support rehab process and liaise btwn therapy, coaching and S&C
Emergency action plan (EAP)
Predetermined, organized system of managing severe injury allowing for quick and effective injury management
Purpose of EAP
- defines predetermined roles
- promotes organization
- decrease chaos/panic
- creates trust and promotes reassurance
What three people are always identified on the EAP?
- Charge person
- Call person
- Control person
Charge person
Person in charge of delivering medical care
Call person
Provides medical info, meets and directs ambulance
Control person
Manages team/crowd/surroundings/locates supplies
What should be included on the EAP?
- imp numbers (sports facility, emergency services)
- address of sports facility and directions (map)
- address of nearest hospital
- address of urgent care/x-rays
- location of player medical records, AED, spinal board
Normal/ideal gait pattern
Heel strike in slight supination
Arch absorbs the forces as it rolls into pronation
Supinate back into neutral through mid-forefoot for a neutral toe off
What are the different foot types?
- Overpronators (valgus foot)
- Supinators (varus foot)
- “Normal”
Overpronators (valgus)
Collapses through arch or stays in prontation
Supinators (varus)
Weight stays through outside of foot
Contraindications of taping (when not to tape)
- allergies to adhesives
- immediately after injury
- injury has not been fully assessed
- return to play criteria not met
- to areas of altered skin sensation
- overnight
- check sport governing body to see if allows tape
Return to play criteria
- full ROM
- minimum 80% strength
- moves with proper biomechanics
- able to perform the demands of the sport
Taping principles - Pre tape assessment
- explain tape job chosen and why
- ask permission
- clear contraindications
- check ROM that you want to limit
- check circulation via capillary refill distal to area being taped
- use pre-tape adhesive spray if needed
What to avoid when taping
Wrinkles
Windows
Bulges
Taping principles- post tape re-assessment
- ensure sufficient capillary refill
- re-test that it successfully limits ROM
