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KNPE331 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

Important parts of the spine

A
  • facet joints
  • vertebral body
  • disc
  • spinous process
  • transverse process
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2
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

C1-C7

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3
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

T1-T12

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4
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

L1-L5

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5
Q

Structures of the right upper quadrant

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • duodenum
  • head of pancreas
  • right kidney and adrenal gland
  • hepatic flexure of colon
  • part of transverse and ascending colon
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6
Q

Structures of left upper quadrant of abdomen

A
  • stomach
  • spleen
  • left lobe of liver
  • body of pancreas
  • left kidney and adrenal gland
  • splenic flexure of colon
  • parts of transverse and descending colon
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7
Q

Structures of right lower quadrant of abdomen

A
  • caecum
  • appendix
  • right ovary and tube
  • right ureter
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8
Q

Structures of left lower quadrant of abdomen

A
  • part of descending colon
  • sigmoid colon
  • left ovary and tube
  • left ureter
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9
Q

What is a fascial chain?

A
  • fascia runs from quads to psoas to quadratus lumboroum and travels over posterior aspect of the kidneys to cover the diaphragm
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10
Q

Palpation of the abdomen

A
  • palpate the 4 quadrants
  • start superficial and gradually increase pressure
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11
Q

What is a sports hernia (athletic pubalgia)?

A
  • fascial weakness in abdominal wall where abdominals and adductors attach to pubic bone
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12
Q

Mechanism of injury of sports hernia?

A
  • repetitive strain in the area
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13
Q

What sports is a sports hernia common in?

A
  • hockey
  • football
  • soccer
  • sprinters/hurdlers
  • rugby
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14
Q

Signs and symptoms of sports hernia

A
  • pain with sitting up
  • quick cutting
  • sprinting
  • coughing
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15
Q

Special test for sports hernia

A
  • resisted sit up
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16
Q

Acute management for sports hernia

A
  • PIER
  • adductor wrap
  • sequential RTP
    *easily re-irritated
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17
Q

Conservative treatment for sports hernia length

A
  • 4-6 weeks
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18
Q

Visceral structures typically affected in sport

A
  • kidney contusions
  • spleen rupture (mono?)
  • lungs (pneumothorax)
  • bladder rupture (empty bladder)
  • testicular contusions
  • heart
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19
Q

Abdominal injuries MOI

A
  • direct blow
  • fall from height
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20
Q

Signs and symptoms of abdominal injuries

A
  • pain
  • rigidity in abdomen
  • feeling unwell
  • shock
  • Cullen sign (umbilicus discoloration)
  • Grey Turner sign (flank discoloration)
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21
Q

Acute management of abdominal injuries

A
  • quadrant palpation
  • call 911
  • rest comfortably
  • treat for shock
  • reassure
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22
Q

Kidney injuries MOI

A
  • blow to back
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23
Q

Signs and symptoms of kidney injuries

A
  • pain in low back
  • peeing blood
  • feeling unwell
  • shock
  • refer
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24
Q

Causes of sudden death of athletes

A

Usually due to cardiac disease:
- congenital abnormalities of coronary arteries
- hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

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25
Q

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A
  • genetic condition causing thickening of heart muscle
  • leading cause of sudden death in athletes
  • altered rhythm = reduced/blocked blood flow
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26
Q

Warning signs of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A
  • fainting or seizure
  • dizziness or light headedness
  • chest pain
  • palpations (quick/fluttering/irregular/pounding heart beats)
  • shortness of breath
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27
Q

Emerging causes of acquired heart disease in young athletes

A
  • anabolic steroids
  • peptide hormones
  • stimulants (ie. energy drinks)
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28
Q

What is a blow to the solar plexus (ie. “wind knocked out of you”)

A
  • spasm of diaphragm muscle
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29
Q

MOI of a blow to the solar plexus

A
  • blow to abdomen or chest
  • fall on buttocks or back
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30
Q

Signs and symptoms of a blow to the solar plexus

A
  • pain
  • difficulty breathing
  • panicky
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31
Q

Acute management of a blow to the solar plexus

A
  • bring athlete’s knees gently towards chest
  • guided breathing
  • diaphragmatic breathing
  • RTP once symptoms resolve
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32
Q

Facet joint sprain MOI

A
  • forced rotation
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33
Q

Signs and symptoms of facet joint sprain

A
  • hear/feel pop
  • sharp localized pain
  • pain with motions that open the joint
  • muscle guarding
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34
Q

What sports are facet joint sprains common?

A
  • contact sports such as from an unexpected hit
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35
Q

What level of the spine are facet joint sprains common?

A
  • c-spine due to large ROM
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36
Q

Special tests for facet joint sprains

A
  • quadrant test (positive if pain on the opp side or joint that you are opening)
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37
Q

Acute management of facet joint sprain

A
  • PIER
  • refer
38
Q

What is facet joint effusion?

A
  • irritation of the facet joint
39
Q

MOI of facet joint effusion

A
  • sudden episode of extreme ROM
  • click or sharp pain
  • localized pain
  • spasm around inflamed joint
  • nerve root irritated
  • closing joint painful
40
Q

Special test for facet joint effusion

A
  • quadrant test (positive if pain on same side)
41
Q

Acute management of facet joint effusion

A
  • PIER
  • refer
42
Q

Disc protrusions MOI

A
  • acute or chronic compression through disc, often in flexed position
43
Q

What does a disc protrusion result in?

A
  • bulge in disc resulting in changes to myotomes & dermatomes
44
Q

Signs and symptoms of disc protrusion

A
  • pain with repeat forward bending
  • relief with extension
  • pain with cough/sneeze
45
Q

Management of disc protrusion

A
  • refer for conservative treatment
46
Q

If inert structures are damaged, what are some goals of treatment?

A
  • dynamic stability
  • strong core, strengthening contractile tissues around injury
47
Q

What are dermatomes?

A
  • sensory areas of skin that are innervated by specific nerve roots
48
Q

Sensations of dermatomes

A
  • pain
  • tingling
  • numbness
  • pressure
49
Q

Special test for myotome testing

A
  • cervical nerve root involvement
50
Q

Cervical nerve root involvement test

A
  • resisted tests are performed 5x bilaterally
  • look for weakening over the 5 reps
51
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C1?

A
  • cervical flexion
52
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C2?

A
  • cervical rotation
53
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C3?

A
  • cervical side bending
54
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C4?

A
  • shoulder elevation
55
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C5?

A
  • shoulder abduction
56
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C6?

A
  • elbow flexion
57
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C7?

A
  • elbow extension
58
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root C8?

A
  • thumb extension
59
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root T1?

A
  • hand intrinsics (spread fingers)
60
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root L1,L2?

A
  • hip flexion
61
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root L3?

A
  • knee extension
62
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root L4?

A
  • foot dorsiflexion & inversion
63
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root L5?

A
  • hallux extension
64
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root S1, S2?

A
  • plantarflexion in sitting
65
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root S1?

A
  • knee flexion
66
Q

Which resisted motion is associated with nerve root S2?

A
  • hallux flexion
67
Q

Nerve root C5 test

A
  • biceps reflex
68
Q

Nerve root C6 test

A
  • brachioradialis reflex
69
Q

Nerve root C7 test

A
  • triceps reflex
70
Q

Nerve roots L4,L5 test

A
  • patellar tendon reflex
71
Q

Nerve root S1 test

A
  • achilles tendon reflex
72
Q

Muscle strains of the neck and back MOI

A
  • overstretch or eccentric load (loading muscle while forward bending)
  • rotation at high velocity
  • may have external force
73
Q

What sport are neck and back strains common?

A
  • tennis
  • golf
  • baseball
74
Q

Signs and symptoms of muscle strains of the neck and back

A
  • abrupt pull
  • pain
  • protective spasm
  • divot
75
Q

Acute management of muscle strains of the neck and back

A
  • PIER (but never to anterior neck to major vessels)
  • altered activity
76
Q

Rib and scapula fracture MOI

A
  • direct blow
  • compression
77
Q

Signs and symptoms of rib fracture

A
  • pain with deep breath (shallow breathing)
  • pain with compression
  • TOP area of fracture
78
Q

Signs and symptoms of scapula fracture

A
  • TOP
  • pain with movement of shoulder
79
Q

Acute management of scapula fracture

A
  • stabilize the segments with padding and tensor
  • tube sling
  • send for imaging
80
Q

Ideberg classification of scapular fractures

A
  • type 1a
  • type 1b
  • type 2
  • type 3
  • type 4
  • type 5a
  • type 5b
  • type 5c
  • type 6
81
Q

What are the 4 spondy’s of spine?

A
  1. Pars interarticularis
  2. Spondylolysis
  3. Spondylolisthesis
  4. Spondylitis
82
Q

Spondylolysis

A
  • stress fracture in pars interarticularis
83
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A
  • stress fracture and sliding vertebra (dislocation)
84
Q

Spondylitis

A
  • inflammation in vertebra that could lead to fusion
85
Q

Spinal fractures MOI

A
  • axial load
  • compression through spine
86
Q

Signs and symptoms of spinal fractures

A
  • central pain
  • tingling
  • numbness
  • unwillingness to move
  • spasm
87
Q

What is there a potential for with a spinal fracture?

A
  • displacement of segments can put pressure on spinal cord or nerve roots resulting in paralysis
88
Q

Paralysis of C-spine

A
  • paraplegia
89
Q

Paralysis of T-spine

A
  • quadriplegia
90
Q

Acute management of spinal fracture

A
  • stabilize
  • call 911
91
Q

How to break pain-spasm cycle

A
  • find and treat the cause

KNPE331 (8 decks)

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