Week 11 Flashcards
What type of joint is the elbow joint?
- hinge
What three joints make up the elbow joint?
- ulnohumeral
- radiohumeral
- proximal radioulnar joint
Elbow ligaments
- ulnar (medial) collateral ligament
- radial (lateral) collateral ligament
Joints of the hand and wrist
- carpometacarpal joint
- metacarpalphaleangeal joint
- proximal interphalangeal joint
- distal interphalangeal joint
Ligaments of the wrist and hand
- collateral ligaments of wrist and fingers
- collateral ligaments of fingers
- intercarpal ligaments (dorsal, palmar)
- triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC)
Collateral ligaments of wrist and fingers
- ulnar (medial) collateral ligament
- radial (lateral) collateral ligament
Triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC) aka triangular disc
- complex made up of load-bearing triangular fibrocartilage articular disc and ligaments on medial aspect of wrist
- disperses axial load from carpals to ulna
What is the TFCC thickened by?
- ulnar collateral ligament medially
What is TFCC a major stabilizer of?
- ulnocarpal joint
- distal radioulnar joint
What action does TFCC facilitate?
- articulations at wrist joint
Nerves at the elbow and wrist
- ulnar nerve at elbow and wrist
- median nerve under flexor retinaculum
Elbow flexors
- biceps brachii ( short and long head)
- brachialis
- brachioradialis
What is something to note about biceps brachii?
- long head of bicep also does shoulder flexion
Elbow extensors
- triceps brachii (long head, medial and lateral head)
- anconeus
Muscles of the forearm, wrist & hand: medial epicondyle
- common flexor tendon origin
Muscles of the forearm, wrist & hand: lateral epicondyle
- common extensor tendon origin
Physiological ROM of elbow
- flexion
- extension
- pronation
- supination
Physiological ROM of wrist
- flexion
- extension
- radial deviation
- ulnar deviation
Physiological ROM of digits
- flexion
- extension
- abduction
- adduction
- 1-5th oppositon/reposition
Lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) MOI
- overuse of forearm extensors
What sports is lateral epicondylitis common in?
- tennis
- squash
- badminton
What are the most common extensors affected in lateral epicondylitis?
- extensor carpi radialis longus
- extensor carpi radialis brevis
Signs and symptoms of lateral epicondylitis
- TOP common extensor origin
- pain & weakness with wrist extension
Acute management of lateral epicondylitis
- stretch wrist extensors in elbow extension & flexion
- PIER
- tennis elbow brace?
What can the R in PIER mean in some cases?
- altered activity
Long term management of lateral epicondylitis
- eccentric strengthening program for forearm extensors
Medial epicondylitis (golfer’s elbow) MOI
- overuse of wrist flexors
What sports is medial epicondylitis common in?
- golfers
- baseball pitchers
Most common flexors affected in medial epicondylitis
- flexor carpi radialis
- pronator teres
Signs and symptoms of medial epicondylitis
- TOP common flexor origin
- pain & weakness with wrist flexion
Acute care of medial epicondylitis
- stretch forearm flexors
- PIER
Ruptured biceps MOI
- sudden lengthening of contracting muscles
- ie sudden load when lifting or catching heavy load
Which biceps tendon is most commonly ruptured?
- distal
Signs and symptoms of ruptured biceps
- “popeye muscle”/muscle balled up
- bruising
- pain near insertion of biceps into radial tuberosity
- pain and weakness with elbow flexion and supination
Acute management of ruptured bicep
- PIER
- pressure pad to approximate any remaining fibres
- shorten biceps in sling to remove tension
- surgical repair
DeQuervain’s syndrome MOI
- overuse of thumb due to gripping/wringing
What does DeQuervain’s syndrome lead to?
- inflammation of tendons & sheath around the thumb
Which tendons around the thumb may be inflamed in DeQuervain’s syndrome?
- extensor pollicis brevis
- abductor pollicis longus
Signs and symptoms of DeQuervain’s syndrome
- pain over tendons of thumb
- weakness of thumb abduction or extension
- pain with gripping
What sport is DeQuervain’s syndrome common in?
- golf
Special test for DeQuervain’s syndrome
- Finkelstein test (positive if pain)
Acute management of DeQuervain’s syndrome
- PIER
- thumb spica brace
What could happen if DeQuervain’s syndrome is left untreated ?
- can progress to thickening/scarring & reduced ROM
Elbow hyperextension injuries MOI
- FOOSH`
Signs and symptoms of elbow hyperextension injuries
- anterior elbow pain
- swelling from ligament/capsule sprain and/or muscle strain
- posterior elbow pain from osteochondral lesion
What do we need to rule out for elbow hyperextension injuries
- olecranon fracture
Acute management of elbow hyperextension injuries
- PIER
- shorten injured tissues (elbow flexion)
- sling
- tape job (very effective)
Ulnar collateral ligament (MCL) sprains of the elbow MOI
- FOOSH
- overuse by repeat valgus force on elbow
Signs and symptoms of ulnar collateral ligament sprains of the elbow
- pain and laxity in medial elbow joint
- ulnar nerve symptoms
Special test for ulnar collateral ligament sprains of the elbow
- valgus stress test
What sports is ulnar collateral ligament sprains of the elbow common in?
- pitchers due to high velocity force
Management for ulnar collateral ligament sprains of the elbow
- Tommy John surgery
Tommy John surgery
- reconstructs UCL using a graft tendon such as palmaris longus, semitendinosus or gracilis
Why is incidence of a ulnar collateral ligament sprains of the elbow increasing?
- happening in younger athletes
Collateral ligament sprains of the wrist MOI
- FOOSH, forced forearm rotation
Ulnar collateral ligament sprain MOI
- valgus force
Radial collateral ligament sprain MOI
- varus force
Signs and symptoms of collateral ligament sprains of the wrist
- pain
- swelling & instability on medial or lateral aspect of wrist
Special test for ulnar collateral ligament sprain
- valgus stress test
Special test for radial collateral ligament sprain
- varus stress test
Acute management of collateral ligaments sprains of the wrist
- PIER
- wrist wrap
- wrist tape job for RTP
Ulnar collateral ligament sprain of the thumb (skier’s thumb or gamekeeper’s thumb) MOI
- traumatic or overuse hyperabduction of the thumb (1st metacarpophaleangeal joint
Traumatic ulnar collateral ligament sprain of the thumb MOI
- skier’s thumb
- thumb gets caught
- FOOSH
- catching ball
Overuse ulnar collateral ligament sprain of the thumb MOI
- gamekeeper’s thumb
- repeat gripping/twisting
What can an ulnar collateral ligament sprain of the thumb also result in?
- avulsion fracture
Signs and symptoms of ulnar collateral ligament sprain of the thumb
- pain
- swelling
- instability at 1st MCP joint
Acute management of ulnar collateral ligament sprain of the thumb
- PIER
- possible x ray to rule out avulsion
- brace for healing
- thumb tape job/brace for RTP
Why is surgery recommended for ulnar collateral ligament sprain of the thumb
- instability to stabilize joint
- prevent osteoarthritis
Thumb tape jobs ROM that you may want to limit
- hyperextension
- abduction
Special test for thumb tape job that is limiting hyperextension
1st MCP instability glide into extension
Special test for thumb tape job that is limiting abduction
- valgus stress
Triangular fibrocartilage complex tear MOI for acute injury
- FOOSH
- forced forearm rotation
Triangular fibrocartilage complex tear MOI for oversue injury
- repetitive wrist motions (wrench, hammer, lifting)
Signs and symptoms of triangular fibrocartilage complex tear
- medial wrist pain
- pain with ulnar deviation & loading through wrist
- popping/clicking
- wrist weakness
Special test for triangular fibrocartilage complex tear
- TFCC compression test
- passive ulnar deviation with axial compression- load through disc)
Acute management of triangular fibrocartilage complex tear
- PIER
- brace as it heals
- anti inflammatory injections if needed
- surgery for persistent instability
Elbow dislocations MOI
- FOOSH
Signs and symptoms of elbow dislocations
- deformity
- pain
- holding elbow
- tingling/numbness
- shock
Acute care of elbow dislocations
- stabilize
- splint
- monitor/treat for shock
- ER/EMS
- reduction under sedation
Elbow fractures MOI
- direct trauma/fall
Signs and symptoms of elbow fractures
- pain
- unable or unwilling to love elbow
Acute care for elbow fractures
- splint
- monitor for shock
- ER for x-rays/surgical refer
Surgical approach for elbow fracture
- ORIF= open reduction internal fixation
Colles’ fracture MOI
- FOOSH
- distal radius displaced posteriorly
Signs and symptoms of Colles’ fracture
- “dinner fork deformity”
- pain
- numbness
Acute management of colles’ fractrue
- splint
- monitor for shock
- emerge x rays
- surgery if unable to align
Scaphoid fractures MOI
- FOOSH
Signs and symptoms of scaphoid fractures
- TOP of antatomical snuffbox
Scaphoid ability to heal
- poor blood supply so low ability to heal
Metacarpal (MC) and finger fractures MOI
- axial compression (jammed) finger
- direct trauma
- being stepped on
Signs and symptoms of metacarpal & finger fractures
- localized pain
- swelling
- unable to grip
Acute care of metacarpal & finger fractures
- fingers: buddy tape to stabilize
- hand (MC): SAM splint
What can result with metacarpal and finger fractures?
- avulsion fractures
- tendon pulls off piece of bone
- requires immobilization or surgical repair
Cyclist Palsy MOI
- compression from handlebars
Signs and symptoms of cyclist palsy
- tingling/numbness/nerve pain
- decreased muscle strength of 5th digit
- hand cramping
Who is cyclist palsy common in?
- new cyclists
- distance cyclists
Prevention of cyclist palsy
- avoid hyperextension of wrist on handlebars
- proper bike fit
Acute care for cyclist palsy
- PIER
- splint
- may require NSAIDs
Carpal tunnel syndrome MOI
- overuse of wrist flexor tendons causing pressure in median nerve within carpal tunnel
Signs and symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome
- burning/tingling/numbness in anterior wrist & hand (along medial nerve distribution digits 1-3 and 1/2 of 4)
- decreased grip strength
Acute care for carpal tunnel syndrome
- bracing
- PIER
- anti-inflamm treatment
- proper ergonomic set up
- steroid injection?
- surgery to open up tunnel if conservative treatment is unsuccessful
Special test for acromioclavicular joint
- scarf test
Pre/post test for elbow tape job
- end ROM of elbow extension
Pre/post test for wrist tape job
- active ROM of wrist extension