week 9

Question 1

What is health

Answer 1

complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

Question 2

Causal

Answer 2

a physical condition that is caused or aggravated by mental

Question 3

Correlational relationship

Answer 3

heart disease has high correlation with being hostile person but not causal

Question 4

Propensity relationship

Answer 4

personal traits may lead to risky behaviours that increase risk of illness

Question 5

Causal

Answer 5

Neurodegenerative disease, affects cognition and motor skills, can subsequently lead to frustration, stress, anxiety, irritability and mood changes

Question 6

Longitudinal studies

Answer 6

enables you to measure personality before the onset of illness
illnesses can take a long time to develop. But requires large population sample, it is costly and attrition of data is common, history and maturation effect

Question 7

Type A personality

Answer 7

research on heart disease by Friedman and Rosenman
Interested in predicting who would develop heart disease
3524 men studies over 8 and half years
from physical factor alone they could not predict disease but when adding psychological factors their prediction rates improved

Question 8

Type A personality

Answer 8

coronary prone, driven to achieve, competitive, hostile to competitors, needs recognition, works hard, short temper

Question 9

Type B personality

Answer 9

non-coronary prone, relaxed, doesn’t plan ahead, unhurried in their approach, no desire for competition

Question 10

Continuing research

Answer 10

Toxic traits- hostility specifically produces higher levels of C-reactive protein in the immune system which can increase risk of cardiovascular disease

Question 11

Why health psychology matter

Answer 11

Personality may influence how people deal with their illness. Attitudes towards illness.
Yet traits may not be consistent and stable over time so we need models to help us examine the interaction between individuals and their environments

Question 12

Locus of control

Answer 12

behaviour potential= expectancy of the outcome x the perceived reinforcement value
Internals: feel in control of live, feel empowered try to change things in their environment
Externals: more likely to feel powerless, individuals with internal LoC cope better than those with external LoC

Question 13

Self-efficacy

Answer 13

self-efficacy influence motivation and persistence
Makes us resilient and better equipped to overcome adversity, associated with a range of health behaviours but dependent on confidence

Question 14

Optimism

Answer 14

optimistic people are less susceptible to suffer anxiety and depression
cope better with stress
experience better physical and mental quality of life and tend to live longer
But do optimists under-report their symptoms

Question 15

Pessimism

Answer 15

Pessimistic people are more likely to have detrimental effects. Can impact how people respond to negative health episodes long after they have recovered

Question 16

How we manage health expanding horizons

Answer 16

Attribution theory helps us to understand locus of control. It highlights that the situation is an important variable related to health outcome. This is relevant because situation change. If we can change situations, we can potentially change health outcomep

Question 17

perceive individual difference

Answer 17

attribution are also a source of bias that can affect people wellbeing

Question 18

fundamental attribution error

Answer 18

the individual is more salient than the environment, behaviour seen as dispositionally-shaped rather than situationally-shaped, could effect the way that subsequent support is provided to people

Question 19

Deconstructing attitudes towards disability

Answer 19

Time: disability is assumed to be permanent
Adverse effect: disability can be positive.
Day to day: relative to functioning
Future selves: if we live long enough we will experience disability

Question 20

cognitive consistency theories

Answer 20

A range of theories that have highlighted people are motivated to maintain consistency in their cognitions
Tend to see disability as a stable characteristic

Question 21

Disability attribution influence

Answer 21

Self-concepts
the extent of disability identification
Treatment by other

Question 22

Social identity theory

Answer 22

part of persons self concept and shaped by membership to various group. Does not require interaction
Helps people to reduce uncertainty understand how they fit in, enhance self-esteem and guide behaviour