week 7

Question 1

Galton

Answer 1

one of the first to pursue the idea that humans differed in intelligence `

Question 2

Binet

Answer 2

created the first intelligence test

Question 3

Terman

Answer 3

adapted the test to be used with children in the U.S from age 4-14- led to standardised testing

Question 4

Stern

Answer 4

had been using Binet’s test in Germany
Developed the idea of intelligent quotient
Iq= mental age/chronological age *100

Question 5

Yerkes

Answer 5

head of committee appointed by APA to consider how psychology could help war efforts. made and intelligence test to help assign soldiers to appropriate tasks

Question 6

Charles Spearmen

Answer 6

introduced the concept of general intelligence or ‘g’. Used several different tasks to test the intelligence of school children from 1904-192. then analysed the relationships between the different tasks

Question 7

Charles spearman part 2

Answer 7

he proposed a 2-factor theory of intelligence, the first being specific abilities
the second was general intelligence
according to the theory if you had good score on spatial ability task then you will do good n spatial awareness

Question 8

Measuring ‘g’

Answer 8

Binet test’s-> for children
Yerkes test-> designed for those applying to join the U.S army
David Wechsler-> was sent to work in Charles Spearman. Still used today, expanded to be used with the general population from infancy to the elderly

Question 9

Raven progressive matrices

Answer 9

like wechsler test, the rationale behind Raven’s matrices is based on Spearman’s theory, designed to minimise the influence of language and culture

Question 9

Thurstone

Answer 9

challenged Spearman’s theory. Argued that all spearman had done was demonstrate that the different test correlated positively. Argued that ‘g’ result from, rather than underpins, primary mental abilities

Question 10

Cattell

Answer 10

Cattell claimed that ‘g’ comprises two related but distinct components
Fluid intelligence is considered to be an innate capacity it is a basic reasoning ability applicable to a wide range of problems

Crystallised intelligence is believed to reflect schooling and cultural learning

Question 11

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligence

Answer 11

Howard Gardner introduced a popular theory that relegates the position of psychometric g
Distinct intelligences that reside in different places in the brain

Question 12

Flynn effect

Answer 12

the discovery that year-on-year, the average IQ score steadily increases

Question 13

Causes of the Flynn effect

Answer 13

Environmental boost-better nutrition
Improvement in schooling
Modernisation
Testing attitudes and familiarity with testing
Test no longer measure IQ

Question 14

Flynn IQ theory

Answer 14

test are not totally invalidated by the Flynn effect, but they may be measuring only a limited range of cognitive abilities

Question 15

Bell curve controversy

Answer 15

Herrnstein and Murray examined IQ test scores in the U.S. The book considered the extent to which intelligence is genetically inherited

Question 16

East Asian-white IQ gap

Answer 16

east Asians score 5 points higher than white Americans

Question 17

Black-white IQ gap

Answer 17

on average white Americans score 15 points higher on IQ test than black Americans

Question 18

What is Jensen and the Race Debate

Answer 18

Murray IQ can only be raised in modest amounts, inconsistently and usually temporarily
Jensen 1998 assumes that any racial disparity in IQ is due to a difference in basic intellectual ability between races, specifically in what he calls the general or g factor

Question 19

Alternative explanations to difference in IQ tests

Answer 19

Cultural bias in IQ test
stereotypes threat
Environmental explanations
Socio-economic disadvantage affects the educational performances

Question 20

3 most common explanations

Answer 20

Genetic: hard-wired difference
Environmental: society is unfair towards certain groups
test bias: IQ test are designed to favour certain groups

Question 21

Group differences

Answer 21

Humans are 99.9% identical at the DNA level. Variation within ethnic groups far outstrip those between groups. Likely due to society and context

Question 22

The gender gap

Answer 22

Historical belief that men more intelligent than women. Pioneers in IQ testing found no sex difference
some evidence that men score 3-5 point more then women however women do better on verbal tasks where as men do better on spatial test