week 9

Question 1

What is language

Answer 1

Ability to articulate something new
symbol usage
ability to represent real-world situations
phonetics, morphology, syntax and semantics
intention to communicate

Question 2

What is language

Answer 2

complex set of behaviours

Question 3

What may language be

Answer 3

Auditory: spoken
Visual: written or signed

Question 4

What does language involve

Answer 4

Auditory system
Visual system
Motor system
Memory

Question 5

How do different language disorders affect

Answer 5

Speech perception
Articulation
Tone of voice
Constructing sentences
Concepts and meaning

Question 6

What is Aphasia

Answer 6

disorder of speaking and listening, caused by stroke, tumour or head injury

Question 7

What is dementia

Answer 7

progressive, degenerative brain disorder which can also affect speech and language

Question 8

What is Tan (Broca, 1861)

Answer 8

After his death an autopsy revealed lesion in a region in left frontal lobe this is called Broca’s area

Question 9

What is Broca’s aphasia

Answer 9

associated with damage to Broca’s area, expressive or production aphasia: Slow, deliberate, effortful speech production, non-fluent, omission of grammatical markers but comprehension is unaffected

Question 10

Wernicke 1874

Answer 10

case report on 2 patients: relatively fluent speech, create new words- neologisms, severely impaired comprehension
Post-mortem of patients revealed lesion in a region in the left temporal lobe called the Wernicke’s area

Question 11

What is Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 11

Fluent, but often content-free, function words often used appropriately, but many content words missing, some replaced by neologisms, severe comprehension deficits

Question 12

What is circumlocutions

Answer 12

talk around or about the specific word

Question 13

What is Paraphasia

Answer 13

type of language output error commonly associated with aphasia

Question 14

What are the types of paraphasia

Answer 14

phonemic paraphasia
Neologistic paraphasia
Semantic paraphasia
perseverative paraphasia- previous responses persist and interfere with retrieval/production

Question 15

What is Wernicke-Geschwind model 1972

Answer 15

heard/seen word-> auditory cortex-> Wernicke’s area-> Broca’s area-> motor cortex-> speech

Question 16

What is Arcuate Fasciculus

Answer 16

connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

Question 17

What is conduction aphasia

Answer 17

Fluent speech, Good comprehension and inability to repeat spoken language due to the lesion to arcuate fasciculus

Question 18

What is lesion of arcuate fasciculus

Answer 18

Disrupts transfer from WA to BA= difficulty in repeating words but spoken comprehension and ability to speak spontaneously may be ok

Question 19

What is lesion of angular gyrus

Answer 19

disrupts flow visual cortex= difficulty saying words seen but not words heard

Question 20

What is word blindness

Answer 20

inability to understand written words, lesions to the angular gyrus

Question 21

What is word deafness

Answer 21

inability to understand spoken words, lesions of fibre tracts from primary auditory cortex to posterior temporal regions

Question 22

What is Global aphasia

Answer 22

The most severe from of aphasia, can produce few recognisable words and understand little or no spoken language
Verbal stereotypy- repeat a sound/phase over and over in an attempt to communicate, can no longer read or write, preserved intellectual and cognitive capabilities unrelated to language and speech

A result of damage to the left perisylvian cortex

Question 23

What is Apraxia of speech

Answer 23

difficulty initiating and executing voluntary movement pattens, necessary to produce speech despite normal muscle strength, slowed speech, abnormal prosody, distortions of speech sounds, specific neural basis unclear

Question 24

What is Dysarthria

Answer 24

difficult or unclear articulation of speech, disruption of muscular control due to lesions of either the central or peripheral nervous systems
Messages controlling the motor movements for speech is interrupted

Question 25

What is lateralisation

Answer 25

the tendency for given psychological function to be served by one hemisphere, with the other hemisphere either incapable or less capable of performing the function

Question 26

What is brain asymmetry

Answer 26

Planum temporale- larger on the left in 65%
Asymmetry evident in new-borns

Question 27

What is the Wada technique (Wada and Rasmussen, 1960)

Answer 27

inject fast- acting anaesthetic into carotid artery supplying blood to left hemisphere
anaesthesia of left hemisphere and consequent immobility in contralateral limbs and speech disruption
In most people regardless if they are left handed or right handed are left hemisphere dominant for language but if they are right hemisphere dominant then they were left handed

Question 28

What is Sperry 1969 split brain patients

Answer 28

present object/ word in left visual field-> right hemisphere-> can’t name object
present object’/ word in the right visual field-> left hemisphere-> can name object

Question 29

Is language hemisphere specific

Answer 29

although is associated to left hemisphere some cases right side can take some of the function
Smith and Sugar 1975
left hemispherectomy on 5 and half year old boy to treat epilepsy at 26 had a normal life with typical language

Question 30

What is some sub roles of right hemisphere

Answer 30

Prosody; important right hemisphere language function - use of intonation, emphasis and rhythm to convey meaning of speech .
Pragmatic language skills: using language appropriately

Question 31

What is the left hemisphere

Answer 31

controls right sided movement, gets touch information from right side, auditory information from right ear, visual information from right visual field, speech

Question 32

What is right hemisphere

Answer 32

controls left sided movement, gets touch information from left side, auditory information from left ear, visual information from left visual field , subtle language and visuo-spatial attention