week 9 Flashcards
What is language
Ability to articulate something new
symbol usage
ability to represent real-world situations
phonetics, morphology, syntax and semantics
intention to communicate
What is language
complex set of behaviours
What may language be
Auditory: spoken
Visual: written or signed
What does language involve
Auditory system
Visual system
Motor system
Memory
How do different language disorders affect
Speech perception
Articulation
Tone of voice
Constructing sentences
Concepts and meaning
What is Aphasia
disorder of speaking and listening, caused by stroke, tumour or head injury
What is dementia
progressive, degenerative brain disorder which can also affect speech and language
What is Tan (Broca, 1861)
After his death an autopsy revealed lesion in a region in left frontal lobe this is called Broca’s area
What is Broca’s aphasia
associated with damage to Broca’s area, expressive or production aphasia: Slow, deliberate, effortful speech production, non-fluent, omission of grammatical markers but comprehension is unaffected
Wernicke 1874
case report on 2 patients: relatively fluent speech, create new words- neologisms, severely impaired comprehension
Post-mortem of patients revealed lesion in a region in the left temporal lobe called the Wernicke’s area
What is Wernicke’s aphasia
Fluent, but often content-free, function words often used appropriately, but many content words missing, some replaced by neologisms, severe comprehension deficits
What is circumlocutions
talk around or about the specific word
What is Paraphasia
type of language output error commonly associated with aphasia
What are the types of paraphasia
phonemic paraphasia
Neologistic paraphasia
Semantic paraphasia
perseverative paraphasia- previous responses persist and interfere with retrieval/production
What is Wernicke-Geschwind model 1972
heard/seen word-> auditory cortex-> Wernicke’s area-> Broca’s area-> motor cortex-> speech
What is Arcuate Fasciculus
connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
What is conduction aphasia
Fluent speech, Good comprehension and inability to repeat spoken language due to the lesion to arcuate fasciculus
What is lesion of arcuate fasciculus
Disrupts transfer from WA to BA= difficulty in repeating words but spoken comprehension and ability to speak spontaneously may be ok
What is lesion of angular gyrus
disrupts flow visual cortex= difficulty saying words seen but not words heard
What is word blindness
inability to understand written words, lesions to the angular gyrus
What is word deafness
inability to understand spoken words, lesions of fibre tracts from primary auditory cortex to posterior temporal regions
What is Global aphasia
The most severe from of aphasia, can produce few recognisable words and understand little or no spoken language
Verbal stereotypy- repeat a sound/phase over and over in an attempt to communicate, can no longer read or write, preserved intellectual and cognitive capabilities unrelated to language and speech
A result of damage to the left perisylvian cortex
What is Apraxia of speech
difficulty initiating and executing voluntary movement pattens, necessary to produce speech despite normal muscle strength, slowed speech, abnormal prosody, distortions of speech sounds, specific neural basis unclear
What is Dysarthria
difficult or unclear articulation of speech, disruption of muscular control due to lesions of either the central or peripheral nervous systems
Messages controlling the motor movements for speech is interrupted
