week 12 Flashcards
What is the historical perspective of Socrates
Described emotions and reasons as master and slave
What is the historical perspective of Aristotle
thought affect influences reason; described emotions as opposites
What was the historical perspective of Darwin
hypothesised an evolutionary basis of emotion
What did Darwin hypothesis
that emotions had an adaptive function and had evolved
What are the 3 key theories of the physiology and emotionality
Pop psychology: event-> emotion-> physiological change
James-Lang theory : event-> physiological change-emotion
Cannon-bard event-> emotion physiological change
What is physiology of emotion
Is voluntary element to emotional expression and not all instinctive
There are nervous systems processes behind emotion that are based on fixed neural substrates, these physiological finding imply emotions are inborn predispositions
What are and examples of cross-cultural studies
Ekman et al (1987) 6 emotions found in 10, diverse nations- corroborated results from New Guinea Fore language study-replicated using AI with 16 emotional expressions
Suggests not learned and not because of internalisation, However there are cultural differences in gestures and some expressions, and we may see infrequency show these emotions
What are cross species studies
Social primates show similar expressions especially expressions of fear, threat and affection and can look at social behaviour in context. Evidence that dogs recognise human emotions
What are baby studies
Babies show clear facial expression, show startle response, smile and react to others expressions
What is the effect of individual differences
20% infants highly reactive has long term effects-anxiety and sociability
Relationship with primary caregiver important to emotionality, individuals vary in their expressivity and regulation of emotions
What are the sources of individual differences
Genetics-Kagen study suggests this as does recent work on mother-child interactions
Environment-Neglect can have long-lasting socio-behavioural effects
Epigenetics- OXT-RM system regulation and maternal play
How does appraisal explain differences
Aristotle first noted this
Appraisal theory of emotion Arnold 1960
Event-> appraise event-> express emotion
Tiger-> danger-> fear
What is factory theory
emotions constructed by an individual’s cognitive interpretation of arousal within a social context
What is attribution theory
Weiner 1974
The meaning that one ascribes to an event will affect how one feels about that event, assessment takes place across three dimensions: Internal/external, Stable/unstable and controllable/uncontrollable
What are the other theories
Social constructivists think emotions are social rather than biological and are socially dependent
Lazarus and Folkman- appraisal key: primary=threat vs challenge
Schachter’s cognitive theory- intensity of emotion is related to physiological response
Difference between hormones and Neurotransmitters
Hormones are slower acting, important to emotion response: Stress Hormones: norepinephrine epinephrine and cortisol. Androcorticotropic Hormone produced in response to biological stress
Neurotransmitters-week 2
Neurotransmitters are way neurons communicate with each other, serotonin is implicated in mood states, dopamine is involved in pleasure and reward
How do hormones work
Hormone systems like the hypothalamic-pituitary axis are activated by pituitary or other glands. Once activated, pituitary releases stress hormones that stimulate release of adrenaline
What is stress
Decreases testosterone and can affect reproductive capability in general, Immune response is decreased by cortisol
Relates to activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic cortisol is primary hormone produced by HPA, changes physiological response, regulated by outputs from amygdala and hypothalamus, stressors that produce negative affect, increase cortisol but can experience habituation and sensation
What is cross-sectional study
Looked at hormonal and behavioural response across ages to injections: preschool, older preschool and school-age
Preschool had children had most crying, Older preschool had highest cortisol levels Oldest children had lowest level of both. Concluded that learn the display rules of emotions and how to control emotions as we age
Other differences in emotionality
Sociocultural effect produce difference in emotional reactivity
The brain is also involved in emotional reactivity
Effect of anger and hormones
Androgens play a role in aggression-positively correlated. Respond to environment and behaviour
How ANS and Emotion
Autonomic reflexes are active in most emotions which are experienced as subjective sensations
Sympathetic portion rapidly activated during arousal, stress and many emotions
What is limbic system
Papez proposed an emotion circuit, system consists of hypothalamus and interconnecting limbic structures
Neocortex= higher order cognition, influence by emotions and vice versa
