week 12

Question 1

What is the historical perspective of Socrates

Answer 1

Described emotions and reasons as master and slave

Question 2

What is the historical perspective of Aristotle

Answer 2

thought affect influences reason; described emotions as opposites

Question 3

What was the historical perspective of Darwin

Answer 3

hypothesised an evolutionary basis of emotion

Question 4

What did Darwin hypothesis

Answer 4

that emotions had an adaptive function and had evolved

Question 5

What are the 3 key theories of the physiology and emotionality

Answer 5

Pop psychology: event-> emotion-> physiological change
James-Lang theory : event-> physiological change-emotion
Cannon-bard event-> emotion physiological change

Question 6

What is physiology of emotion

Answer 6

Is voluntary element to emotional expression and not all instinctive
There are nervous systems processes behind emotion that are based on fixed neural substrates, these physiological finding imply emotions are inborn predispositions

Question 8

What are and examples of cross-cultural studies

Answer 8

Ekman et al (1987) 6 emotions found in 10, diverse nations- corroborated results from New Guinea Fore language study-replicated using AI with 16 emotional expressions

Suggests not learned and not because of internalisation, However there are cultural differences in gestures and some expressions, and we may see infrequency show these emotions

Question 9

What are cross species studies

Answer 9

Social primates show similar expressions especially expressions of fear, threat and affection and can look at social behaviour in context. Evidence that dogs recognise human emotions

Question 10

What are baby studies

Answer 10

Babies show clear facial expression, show startle response, smile and react to others expressions

Question 11

What is the effect of individual differences

Answer 11

20% infants highly reactive has long term effects-anxiety and sociability
Relationship with primary caregiver important to emotionality, individuals vary in their expressivity and regulation of emotions

Question 12

What are the sources of individual differences

Answer 12

Genetics-Kagen study suggests this as does recent work on mother-child interactions
Environment-Neglect can have long-lasting socio-behavioural effects
Epigenetics- OXT-RM system regulation and maternal play

Question 13

How does appraisal explain differences

Answer 13

Aristotle first noted this
Appraisal theory of emotion Arnold 1960
Event-> appraise event-> express emotion
Tiger-> danger-> fear

Question 14

What is factory theory

Answer 14

emotions constructed by an individual’s cognitive interpretation of arousal within a social context

Question 15

What is attribution theory
Weiner 1974

Answer 15

The meaning that one ascribes to an event will affect how one feels about that event, assessment takes place across three dimensions: Internal/external, Stable/unstable and controllable/uncontrollable

Question 16

What are the other theories

Answer 16

Social constructivists think emotions are social rather than biological and are socially dependent
Lazarus and Folkman- appraisal key: primary=threat vs challenge
Schachter’s cognitive theory- intensity of emotion is related to physiological response

Question 17

Difference between hormones and Neurotransmitters

Answer 17

Hormones are slower acting, important to emotion response: Stress Hormones: norepinephrine epinephrine and cortisol. Androcorticotropic Hormone produced in response to biological stress

Neurotransmitters-week 2
Neurotransmitters are way neurons communicate with each other, serotonin is implicated in mood states, dopamine is involved in pleasure and reward

Question 18

How do hormones work

Answer 18

Hormone systems like the hypothalamic-pituitary axis are activated by pituitary or other glands. Once activated, pituitary releases stress hormones that stimulate release of adrenaline

Question 19

What is stress

Answer 19

Decreases testosterone and can affect reproductive capability in general, Immune response is decreased by cortisol

Relates to activation of sympathetic and parasympathetic cortisol is primary hormone produced by HPA, changes physiological response, regulated by outputs from amygdala and hypothalamus, stressors that produce negative affect, increase cortisol but can experience habituation and sensation

Question 20

What is cross-sectional study

Answer 20

Looked at hormonal and behavioural response across ages to injections: preschool, older preschool and school-age
Preschool had children had most crying, Older preschool had highest cortisol levels Oldest children had lowest level of both. Concluded that learn the display rules of emotions and how to control emotions as we age

Question 21

Other differences in emotionality

Answer 21

Sociocultural effect produce difference in emotional reactivity
The brain is also involved in emotional reactivity

Question 22

Effect of anger and hormones

Answer 22

Androgens play a role in aggression-positively correlated. Respond to environment and behaviour

Question 23

How ANS and Emotion

Answer 23

Autonomic reflexes are active in most emotions which are experienced as subjective sensations
Sympathetic portion rapidly activated during arousal, stress and many emotions

Question 24

What is limbic system

Answer 24

Papez proposed an emotion circuit, system consists of hypothalamus and interconnecting limbic structures
Neocortex= higher order cognition, influence by emotions and vice versa

Question 25

Limbic system and anger

Answer 25

Non invasive fMRI of awake animals show Papez circuit is activated during behaviours that show motivation for aggression and which precede aggressive displays directed towards intruders
Also show activation of lateral hypothalamus and medial amygdala which are critical for organisation and expression of aggressive behaviour

Question 26

Amygdala and fear

Answer 26

LeDoux’s amygdala theory of fear proposed that different emotions original different brain systems and so should investigate separately
Input from source travel to amygdala, respond to stimuli and experience fear. Direct path= quicker thalamo-cortico in ANS. Amygdala response is conditioned which is why startle at begin object

Question 27

Amygdala and the stress response

Answer 27

Adrenocortical system underlies stress response, glands produce cortisol and testosterone, stressful jobs have higher cortisol also report negative emotions, impatience, irritation, fear and anxiety
Amygdala is activated in stress response, terminated by hippocampus
Cortisol flows in blood, bind to receptors including amygdala and hippocampus

Question 28

Fear and anger

Answer 28

Lesion of cerebral cortex in cats and dogs= shame rage when provoked and ANS arousal, Temporal lobe loss results in no fear being displayed

Question 29

What is disgust and Mania

Answer 29

Insula and putamen activated when hear expressions of disgust, Damage= poor recognition other emotions were unaffected. Mania= right basotemporal or right orbitofrontal

Question 30

What are the 4 main regions in control of emotionality

Answer 30

Anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal cortex= represent emotional state. Anterior insula= processing physiological response, Right temporal= emotion memories and interpretation of emotional stimuli, Posterior cingulate cortex= regulates autonomic response