week 2 Flashcards
Methods of modern study of brain and behaviour
Neuropsychology
Electrical activity of the brain
Neuroimaging
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
What is Neuropsychology
study of brain damage
What electrical activity of the brain
moment to moment activity
What is Neuroimaging
PET- (positron emission tomography)- where activity happens not too precise
fMRI- (functional magnetic resonance imaging)- where activity happens increasingly more precise
MEG- (magnetoencephalography)- Where and when activity happens
What is transcranial magnetic stimulation
TMS- stimulation (increase or decrease) of brain activity activity in a specific region of the brain
What is a CT in Neuropsychology
CT- scans show the location of the lesion
What is an EEG
Measure the electrical activity of the brain, and helps establish when activity occurs
can be used during sleep to understand and identify sleep stages
What is event related potentials (ERPs)
are often used in Neurobiological research investigating psychological functions
measure activity in response to a specific stimulus
MRI in brain imaging
magnetic resonance imaging
Neuroanatomy: identifies different regions of the brain and the nervous system
fMRI in brain imaging
Functional magnetic resonance imaging
measures blood flow in the brain during a (mental) activity
establishes the role of different brain regions in psychological functioning- where in the brain activity occurs
TMS
transcranial magnetic stimulation
stimulates (increases or decreases) brain activity
Establishes the role of different brain regions in psychological functioning- where in the brain activity occurs
Nervous system parts
Nervous system
Central nervous system (CNS):
Brain
Spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system (PNS):
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system:
Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
Enteric nervous system
Somatic nervous system (SNS)
Enables interaction between us and the environment
Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves:
1- smell 2- vision 7- hearing and balance (sensory)
3,4,6 eye movement 9-neck muscles 12- tongue (motor)
5,7,8,10,11 (sensory and motor)
and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
Autonomic nervous system
Regulates internal organs
Tow parts
sympathetic- fight or flight prepares the body for action
parasympathetic- rest and digest helps the body relax
Enteric nervous system
Regulates digestion some times put under ANS
Helps control nutrient absorption and waste elimination
What is a neuron
structure- building block of the nervous system
Function- basic information-processing unit
Structure of neuron
Dendrites
Cell body
Axon
Function of Neuron
Ramon y Cajal
Neural cells are the functional units of the neurones system
interactions between neurons enable behaviour
Neurons transmit information form one another through gaps called synapse
What are the Zones and there function in a neuron
Input zone- receiving information from other neurons
Integration zone- summing up all received information
Conduction zone- conducting information via electrical activity
Output zone- passing on information to other neurones
Types of neurone
by function
sensory- carry information from the body to the spinal cord and the brain
Motor- carry information from the nervous system to the muscles and internal organs
Interneurons- receive information from neurons and pass it on to other neurons
By shape
Multipolar- many dendrites single axon
Bipolar- one dendrite and one axon
Unipolar- single axon branching in 2 directions
Synapse
Function- information-processing unit
parts- axon terminal, synaptic vesicle, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitters, dendritic spine
Presynaptic neuron
Postsynaptic neuron
Neurotransmitters
Key role in communicating information between neurons
Types of neurotransmitters
supporting different brain networks and their functions
Acetylcholine (ACh)- cholinergic networks- attention; learning and memory
Dopamine (DA) dopaminergic networks- movement and motor control, reward and reinforcement
Serotonin (5-HT): serotonin networks- mood, sexual behaviour, anxiety
Gila support cells
Astrocytes: Nutrition; link between neurons and blood vessels but edema (swelling) when injures
Microglia: remove debris from damaged/dead cells but Alzheimer’s
Olygodendrocytes: myelination in the central nervous system
Schwann cells: myelination in the peripheral nervous system
