Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

HAP 2 > week 9 > Flashcards

week 9 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the organs of the urinary system and their functions?

A

Organs include:
– kidneys (2) - major excretory organs
– ureters (2) - transport urine from
kidneys to urinary bladder
– urinary bladder - temporary storage
reservoir for urine
– urethra - transports urine out of
body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

where is urine produced and where does it flow?

A
  • Urine is produced in the kidneys then flows down the
    ureters to the bladder and to the outside via the urethra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what do kidneys filter?

A

Kidneys filter the blood and remove wastes and excess
water and electrolytes by producing urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is Excretion ?

A
  • Excretion - separation of wastes from body fluids and
    their elimination outside the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what do kidneys excrete?

A
  • Excretion of wastes & foreign substances (e.g. drugs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what do kidneys regulate?

A
  • Regulation of blood ionic composition: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cland phosphate (PO3−
    4) ions
  • Regulation of blood pH by removing excess of H+ (acids)
    or bases (HCO3-) from blood; kidneys have almost
    unlimited capacity to regulate blood pH unlike blood buffer
    systems
  • Regulation of blood volume - conserving or eliminating
    waste
  • Regulation of blood pressure via secretion of enzyme
    renin and activation of angiotensin-aldosterone system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is stimulated by kidneys?

A

Stimulation of erythrocyte formation in the bone marrow
by releasing hormone erythropoietin (EPO)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what do kidneys activate?

A

Activation of vitamin D (together with liver)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the shape and size of the Kidneys

A

Paired bean-shaped organs: 10-12cm long, 5-7cm wide, 2cm thick

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

location of kidneys

A

Located between the parietal peritoneum and posterior wall of
abdomen – retroperitoneal organ

  • Right kidney is located lower than left due to the liver occupying
    space in the upper right abdomen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where do blood vessels etc enter in kidney?

A
  • Blood vessels, nerves and ureter enter hilum of kidney on the
    concave medial border
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

anterior view of kidneys diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the External Anatomy of Kidneys

A
  • Parietal Peritoneum covering ant. aspect of kidney
  • Renal fascia - the anchoring outer layer of dense fibrous connective
    tissue
  • Perirenal fat capsule - a fatty cushion
  • Thin fibrous capsule (outermost layer of the kidney)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the Internal Anatomy of Kidneys

A
  • Renal cortex = superficial layer of kidney covered by
    renal/fibrous capsule (capsule = thin connective tissue layer)
  • Renal medulla = inner portion
    consisting of several coneshaped renal pyramids
    separated by renal columns
    – tip of pyramid is called renal
    papilla; opens into a minor calyx
  • Renal sinus = cavity that
    houses the initial segment of the
    urine drainage system
    – cuplike structure (minor calyces)
    collect urine from the papillary ducts
    of the papilla
    – minor calyces drain urine into major calyces which then empty into renal
    pelvis which in turn empties into ureter
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what type of blood enters the kidney and via what?

A
  • Oxygenated, unfiltered
    blood from the
    abdominal aorta enters
    the kidney (at the
    hilum) via the renal
    artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does blood entering kidney supply and what is it filtered by?

A

– supplies kidney tissue
– filtered by the kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what type of blood leaves the kidney and via what?

A

Deoxygenated, filtered
blood leaves the kidney
(at the hilum) via the
renal vein which drains
into the IVC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

veins and arteries in kidney diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

where does the kidney receive sympathethic information from?

A
  • Kidneys receive
    sympathetic
    information from
    the renal plexus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does The sympathetic
nervous system
trigger?

A

r vasoconstriction
and reduce renal blood
flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

There is no evidence of
……. ……..
supplying the kidney

A

parasympathetic fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

diagram of nerve supplies of the kidney

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

how much fluid is processed by the kidney daily?

A

180 L fluid processed daily; only 1.5 L  urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how much plasma do the kidneys filter?

A
  • Kidneys filter body’s entire plasma volume 60
    times each day
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what are the Three processes in urine formation and adjustment
of blood composition

A

Three processes in urine formation and adjustment
of blood composition via nephrons
– Glomerular filtration: produces cell- and protein-free
filtrate
– Tubular reabsorption: Selectively returns 99% of
substances from filtrate to blood in renal tubules and
collecting ducts
– Tubular secretion: Selectively moves substances from
blood to filtrate in renal tubules and collecting ducts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

contents of urine

A

– <1% of original filtrate
– Contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is a Nephron?

A

Functional unit of the kidney that filters blood and produces urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

how many nephrons does each kidney have?

A

Each kidney has around 1 million nephrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

where are nephrons located?

A
  • Located in the cortex and medulla
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

nephron composition

A

Composed of two parts: renal corpuscle and renal tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

function of renal corpuscle

A
  • Renal corpuscle = site of
    plasma filtration
    – glomerulus –> capillaries where
    filtration occurs
    – glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
    –> double-walled epithelial cup
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

function of renal tubule

A
  • Renal tubule = transport,
    reabsorption and secretion
    – proximal convoluted tubule
    – loop of Henle
    – distal convoluted tubule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

where do nephrons drain into?

A

All nephrons drain into
collecting ducts (many into
one)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Blood Supply and Drainage of
Nephrons diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Blood Supply and Drainage of
Nephrons diagram continued

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Kidneys account for only …..%
of body weight

A

0.5%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how much of the cardiac output do kidneys receive?

A

they receive
about 20% of the cardiac
output (CO = HR x SV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what does Renal artery divide into?

A

Renal artery divides into
segmental arteries that give
rise to:
- interlobar arteries - up renal
columns, between pyramids
- arcuate arteries - over pyramids
- interlobular arteries - up into
cortex
- branch into afferent arterioles -
each supplying one nephron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Blood is drained from the
glomerulus by ………

A

efferent arterioles which lead to either
peritubular capillaries (around
convoluted tubules) or vasa
recta (around loop of Henle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

where does vasa recta drain into?

A

vasa recta drain into interlobular
veins or directly into arcuate
veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

where do interlobar veins drain into?

A
  • Interlobar veins drain into
    renal vein and then empty into
    inferior vena cava
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Blood Supply and Drainage of
Nephrons diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is Glomerulus and where does it arise from?

A

Glomerulus is a tuft-like capillary network arising from
the afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

where does all blood from glomerular capillaries go into?

A

All blood from glomerular capillaries goes into efferent
arteriole (no exchange of gases  blood is still
oxygenated at the end of the capillary network)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

diagram of the renal Corpuscle

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

what layers is the bowman’s (glomerular) capsule made of and what is between them?

A

Bowman’s (glomerular) capsule has two layers
(parietal and visceral) – in between is capsular
space; extends into proximal convoluted tubule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is Visceral layer of the capsule composed of ?

A

Visceral layer of the capsule is composed of epithelial
cells called podocytes that cover outer surface of the
glomerular capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

describe the 3 basic processes Nephrons perform?

A
  • Nephrons perform 3
    basic processes
    1. Glomerular filtration:
    filtration of blood plasma
    components and formation
    of glomerular filtrate
    2. Tubular reabsorption:
    water, electrolytes and
    nutrients are reabsorbed
    back into the blood
    3. Tubular secretion:
    some wastes (ammonia,
    some medications) are
    actively secreted into urine
    from blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

diagram of m 3
basic processes nephrons perform

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what does Blood hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus (GHP) produce? and what type of process is this?

A

Blood hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus (GHP)
produces glomerular filtrate (water and small solutes,
no cells or plasma proteins)
- passive process (as no
energy used)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is the Filtration membrane ?

A

fenestrated capillary
endothelium, basement membrane of the capillary and
podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

How much Glomerular Filtrate is produced daily?

A

150-180 L/day of filtrate produced but most
reabsorbed – only 1-2 L of urine excreted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what is Glomerular filtration assisted by?

A
  • Glomerular filtration is assisted by:
    – large surface area of glomerular capillaries for filtration
    – thin and porous filtration membrane (endothelial cells in
    capillaries have numerous pores – fenestrations)
54
Q

Glomerular Filtration process?

A
  • GHP forces fluids and solutes through filtration
    membrane and is opposed by glomerular capsule
    osmostic pressure (GCOP) and capsular hydrostatic
    pressure (CHP)
55
Q

what is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?

A

Volume of filtrate formed per minute by both kidneys (normally ~ 120 -125 mL/min)

56
Q

what is GFR directly proportional to?

A

– Net Filtration Pressure – primary pressure is
blood hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus (GHP)
– Total surface area available for filtration – which
glomerular mesangial cells can control by
contracting
– Filtration membrane permeability

57
Q

why is Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) mandatory for kidneys?

A

Constant GFR allows kidneys to make filtrate
and maintain extracellular homeostasis

58
Q

what is the Goal of intrinsic controls?

A

maintain GFR in kidney

59
Q

what does GFR affect?

A

GFR affects systemic blood pressure
– Increased GFR = increased urine output = lowered blood pressure, and
vice versa

60
Q

what is the Goal of extrinsic controls ?

A

maintain systemic blood
pressure

61
Q

where must Glomerular Filtrate continue through?

A

The filtrate must continue through the
proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of
Henle and distal convoluted tubule
where nutrients & ions are reabsorbed
into the blood and wastes & ions are
secreted into the filtrate

62
Q

what is reabsorbed and secreted in the proximal convuluted tubule?

A

– R: H2O, Na+, HCO3−, Glucose, amino acids, etc.
– S: H+, NH4+, some drugs, etc.

63
Q

what is reabsorbed and secreted in the Loop of Henle?

A

– R: H2O, Na+, K+, Cl-
– S: Urea

64
Q

what is reabsorbed and secreted in the Distal convoluted tubule?

A

– R: Na+, Ca2+, Cl-
– S: K

65
Q

diagram of Tubular Reabsorption
and Secretion of filtrate

A
66
Q

What happens to Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) during Tubular Reabsorption
and Secretion?

A

– released by post. part of pituitary gland
– increases water reabsorption in the
collecting ducts

67
Q

What happens to Aldosterone during Tubular Reabsorption
and Secretion?

A

– secreted by the adrenal glands
– acts on collecting ducts and distal
convoluted tubules
– Na+ reabsorption –> water follows
– decreases K+ levels

68
Q

What happens to Parathyroid Hormone during Tubular Reabsorption
and Secretion?

A

– secreted by the parathyroid glands
– acts on distal convoluted tubule
– increases Ca2+ reabsorption

69
Q

diagram of Countercurrent Multiplier

A
70
Q

what is Renal Autoregulation?

A

the ability of the nephrons to adjust
their own blood flow and GFR without external (nervous or
hormonal) control.

71
Q

Autoregulation ceases when….

A

MAP (mean arterial pressure) is below 80 mmHg

72
Q

what are the Two mechanisms of autoregulation?

A

Myogenic mechanism and Tubuloglomerular feedback

73
Q

what is Myogenic mechanism?

A
  • based on the tendency of smooth
    muscle to contract when stretched
  • Increased arterial blood pressure stretches the afferent arteriole which
    stimulates muscle cells to contract
  • When blood pressure falls, the afferent arteriole relaxes and allows blood
    flow more easily into glomerulus
  • Filtration remains stable
74
Q

what is Tubuloglomerular feedback?

A
  • mechanism by which
    glomerulus receives feedback on the status of the downstream
    tubular fluid
  • Juxtaglomerular apparatus: a structure where afferent arteriole makes
    contact with ascending limb of loop of Henle (or distal convoluted tubule)
  • Tubule comes into contact with the afferent and efferent arterioles at the
    vascular pole of the renal corpuscle
75
Q

what are Granular cells?

A

enlarged, smooth muscle cells with
secretory granules containing renin. They are
mechanoreceptors that sense changes in BP in aff.
arteriole.

76
Q

what is Macula densa?

A

is a group of tall, closely packed cells that
lie adjacent to the granular cells. They are chemoreceptors
that respond to changes in the solute content of the filtrate.
They release paracrine signals that stimulate granular
cells.

77
Q

Both cells are
sensors in a
feedback loop
that controls
GFR and
systemic BP. what cells are they referring to?

A

Granular cells and mascula densa known as Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

78
Q

what are Mesangial cells ?

A

Mesangial cells are located in the cleft between afferent
and efferent arterioles, and among capillaries of the
glomerulus.

79
Q

what are mesangial cells connected to?

A

They are connected to macula densa and granular cells by
gap junctions and communicate with paracrine substances.

80
Q

what do mesangial cells form?

A

Form a supportive matrix for glomerulus, constrict and relax
capillaries to regulate blood flow.

81
Q

what are Ureters?

A

muscular
tubes that transmit
urine from kidneys to
bladder

82
Q

what is Bladder?

A

muscular sac
for temporary storage
of urine

83
Q

what is bladder innervated by?

A

Innervated by the
parasympathetic
nervous system via
sacral nerves

84
Q

where is the bladder located?

A

Retroperitoneal, on
pelvic floor posterior to
pubic symphysis
* Males - prostate
inferior to bladder neck
* Females - anterior to
vagina and uterus

85
Q

diagrams of Ureters and Urinary Bladder

A
86
Q

what are the Layers of bladder wall ?

A
  • Mucosa - transitional epithelial mucosa
  • Thick detrusor m.- three layers of smooth muscle
  • Fibrous adventitia (peritoneum on superior
    surface only)
87
Q

what is the Trigone?

A
  • Smooth triangular area
    outlined by openings for
    ureters and urethra
  • Infections tend to persist in
    this region
88
Q

what happens when bladder is empty?

A

Collapses when empty;
rugae appear

89
Q

how long is a full bladder and what capacity can it hold?

A

Full bladder is 12 cm long;
holds ~ 500 ml
* Able to hold twice that if
necessary (can burst if
over-distended)

90
Q

what is Urethra?

A

Muscular tube draining urinary bladder

91
Q

what is Internal urethral sphincter?

A

– Involuntary (smooth muscle) at bladder-urethra junction

92
Q

what is External urethral sphincter?

A

Voluntary (skeletal) muscle surrounding urethra as it passes through
pelvic floor

93
Q

size of Female urethra

A

(3 - 4 cm)

94
Q

location and position of female urethra

A
  • Tightly bound to anterior
    vaginal wall
    – External urethral orifice
  • Anterior to vaginal opening
  • posterior to clitoris
95
Q

how long is male urethra?

A

Male urethra (19 - 20 cm)

96
Q

what does male urethra carry?

A

Carries semen and urine

97
Q

what are the Three named regions of the male urethra?

A

Three named regions:
* Prostatic urethra (2.5 cm)
within prostate
* Membranous urethra (2
cm) passes through
urogenital diaphragm from
prostate to beginning of
penis
* Spongy urethra (15 cm)
passes through penis; opens
via external urethral orifice

98
Q

sagittal sections of urethras

A
99
Q

what is Micturition?

A

Urination or voiding

100
Q

what Three simultaneous events must occur for micturition

A

– Bladder distension activates contraction of
detrusor by sacral nerves (parasympathetic)
– Opening of internal urethral sphincter by
sacral nerves
– Opening of external urethral sphincter by
somatic nervous system (voluntary)

101
Q

Micturition is __________.

A

voiding urine

102
Q

The most important factor affecting the glomerular filtration rate is __________.

A

net filtration pressure

103
Q

The basic functional unit of the kidney is the __________.

A

nephron

104
Q

The Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus make up the __________.

A

renal corpuscle

105
Q

The blood supply to the renal corpuscle is the __________.

A

The Afferent Arterioles (which are small branches from the interlobular arteries) feed blood into the renal corpuscle.
This blood is unfiltered and is forced into the glomerulus, where it undergoes filtration.
The filtered blood then exits the renal corpuscle via the Efferent Arteriole.

106
Q

All of the following functions are carried out in the renal tubules, EXCEPT __________.

A

filtration

107
Q

Which substance would not normally be expected in urine?

A

protein

108
Q

All of the following are layers of the filtration membrane in the glomerular membrane, EXCEPT the __________.

a.
visceral layer

b.
basement membrane

c.
fenestrated endothelium

d.
renal capsule

A

renal capsule

109
Q
A

a. detrusor muscle
b: external urethral orifice
c: right ureter
d: urethra

110
Q
A

a: renal pyramid
b: renal column
c: renal pelvis
d: minor calyx
e: ureter

111
Q
A

a: Interlobular artery/Cortical Radiate artery/Radiate artery
b: Arcuate artery
c: Interlobar artery
d: Segmental Artery
e: Renal Artery

112
Q
A

a: detrusor muscle
b: spongy urethra
c: right ureter
d: internal urethral sphincter
e: prostatic urethra
f: Membranous Urethra/External urethral sphincter

113
Q
A

a: Renal Papilla
b: Renal Pelvis
c: Arcuate vein
d: Renal Pyramid
e: Major calyx

114
Q
A

a: Right suprarenal gland/Right adrenal gland
b: Right renal vein
c: Right ureter
d: Left kidney
e: Left renal artery

115
Q

The 3 openings that contribute to the trigone in the bladder are the:

A
  1. Left ureteric orifice
  2. Right ureteric orifice
  3. Internal urethral orifice
116
Q

The kidneys are considered as ….. structures.

A

The kidneys are retroperitoneal structures as they are located behind the peritoneum.

117
Q

the correct sequence of layers in the kidney, starting from the most superficial layer?

A

Renal Capsule, Renal Cortex, Renal Medulla, Urine Drainage System

118
Q

What are the muscular folds located in the bladder called?

A

Rugae

119
Q

The renal arteries arise
from the _________
The renal veins drain into
the _________

A

Aorta
Inferior vena cava

120
Q

The bladder is a/n:
intra / inter / retro –
peritoneal structure

A

Retro- peritoneal

121
Q

Antidiuretic (ADH)
hormone makes the body ….. water

A

retain

122
Q

The external urethral
sphincter is controlled …..

A

voluntarily

123
Q

List the 3 specialised cell
types that are located in
the juxtaglomerular
complex

A

Macula Densa
Granular cells
Mesangial cells

124
Q

Name the storehouse for
sperm

A

Epididymis

125
Q

Where is the prostate
located in relation to the
bladder

A

Inferior to the bladder

126
Q

Name the hormone that is
produced in the testes that
initiates spermatogenesis

A

Testosterone

127
Q

List the 3 layers of the
uterine wall (inside –>
outside)

A

Endometrium,
Myometrium and
Perimetrium

128
Q

Which hormone/s does the
Corpus Luteum secrete?

A

oestrogen and
progesterone

129
Q
A
130
Q
A
131
Q
A
132
Q
A

HAP 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions