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HAP 2 > week 6 > Flashcards

week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the gastrointestinal tract?

A

The continuous muscular
digestive tube that winds through
the body digesting and absorbing
foodstuffs.

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2
Q

what organs are in the gastrointestinal tract?

A

Organs include:
– mouth, pharynx, oesophagus,
stomach, small intestine
(duodenum, jejunum and ileum),
large intestine (ascending,
transverse, descending and sigmoid
colon), rectum and anus
Accessory digestive organs:
– teeth, tongue, salivary glands, liver,
gallbladder and pancreas

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3
Q

what are the functions of the gastrointestinal tract?

A

MIDAE
* Mastication (mouth) –
mechanical and chemical
breakdown
* Ingestion of food –
swallowing and propulsion
* Digestion – mechanical and
chemical breakdown of food
particles into pieces that can
pass through cell membranes
* Absorption – transfer of
nutrients from the gut to the
blood circulation
* Excretion – expulsion of
undigested material

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4
Q

Label the Gastrointestinal Tract
(alimentary canal)

A
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5
Q

What are the 4 layers of the GI tract?

A
  • Mucosa lines the lumen; composed of:
    – epithelium (different types in different locations but mostly
    simple columnar epithelium and mucus-secreting cells)
    – lamina propria (loose areolar connective tissue with
    capillaries for nourishment and absorption)
    – muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle that produces local
    movements of mucosa)
  • Submucosa: dense connective tissue with glands,
    blood/lymph vessels; also submucosal plexus (neural
    network) – controls secretion
  • Smooth muscle/Muscularis Externa responsible for
    segmentation and peristalsis; also contains myenteric
    plexus (neural network) – controls motility
  • Serosa: visceral peritoneum
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6
Q

What are the 2 movements of the GI tract?

A
  • Peristalsis and segmentation
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7
Q

What is peristalsis movement of the GI tract?

A
  • Adjacent segments of GI tract organs
    alternately contract and relax, which
    moves food along the tract
    distally.
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8
Q

What is segmentation movement of the GI tract?

A
  • Nonadjacent segments of GI tract
    organs alternately contract and relax,
    moving the food forward then
    backward. Food mixing occurs.
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9
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

Serous epithelial membrane that covers the internal
walls of the abdominal cavity as well as the outer
surface of abdominal organs.

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10
Q

What 2 layers does the peritoneum consist of?

A
  • parietal peritoneum – covers
    internal abdominal walls
  • visceral peritoneum – covers
    outer surface of abdominal
    organs
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11
Q

What is Peritoneal cavity?

A

– space
between parietal and
visceral peritoneum

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12
Q

What are the 3 peritoneal folds?

A
  • mesentery (suspends SI)
  • mesocolon (suspends LI)
  • greater omentum
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13
Q

Label this diagram

A
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14
Q

what is Mesentery and Mesocolon?

A
  • two layers of visceral peritoneum against each other
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15
Q

What is the function of the mesentery and mesocolon?

A
  • attach small and large intestines to the posterior abdominal wall
  • allow freedom of movement in the abdominal cavity
  • hold viscera in proper
    relationship to each other
  • prevent the intestines from
    becoming twisted and
    tangled by changes in body
    position and by its own
    contractions
  • provides passage of blood
    vessels and nerves that
    supply digestive tract
  • contain lymph nodes and
    vessels
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16
Q

What is the greater omentum?

A
  • two layers of visceral peritoneum descend from stomach (anterior and posterior)
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17
Q

Function of the greater omentum

A
  • pass in front of small
    intestines, it then turns
    upwards and backwards and
    ascends to transverse colon
  • the two layers separate and
    enclose the transverse colon
  • contains some adipose
    tissue, which in obese
    people accumulates in
    considerable quantity
  • like an apron which covers
    the intestines
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18
Q

Label this - Peritoneal Folds

A
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19
Q

Label this - Peritoneal Folds

A
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20
Q

Label this - Peritoneal Folds

A
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21
Q

Divisions of the GIT (embryologically)

A

– Foregut
* identified by (celiac trunk/celiac artery), which supplies foregut abdominal organs only
* mouth –> to first half of duodenum
– Midgut
* first half of duodenum –> to proximal half of large intestines
* identified by super mesenteric artery
- Hindgut
* distal half of large intestine –> to rectum
* identified by Inferior Mesenteric Artery

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22
Q

label image

A
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23
Q

label image

A
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24
Q

Mouth known as….

A

oral cavity

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25
Q

Main parts of mouth are

A
  • Main parts:
    – cheeks
    – hard and soft palate
    (form roof)
    – uvula
    – tongue
    – teeth
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26
Q

what is the Oral cavity lined with …..

A
  • Oral cavity is lined with stratified squamous epithelium which is kept moist by saliva
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27
Q

Label this diagram

A
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28
Q

label this mouth diagram

A
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29
Q

what is saliva produced by?

A

produced by salivary glands (parotid, submandibular
and sublingual)

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30
Q

what enzyme does saliva contain?

A

contains enzyme salivary amylase (starts
starch breakdown)

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31
Q

what is salivation triggered by

A

taste, smell, sight or thought of food

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32
Q

label this diagram

A
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33
Q

Salivation is stimulated by ….

A

the parasympathetic
nervous system via CN VII - facial nerve and CN IX -
glossopharyngeal nerve

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34
Q

label this diagram

A
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35
Q

what is teeth primarily composed of

A

dentin (similar to bone but composed of
calcified connective tissue)

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36
Q

what are the 3 parts of a tooth

A

crown, neck and root

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37
Q

what is dentin of the crown covered by

A

hard enamel

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38
Q

what is dentin of the root
covered by

A

softer cementum

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39
Q

what is inside the tooth?

A

pulp cavity and pulp (vessels and nerves)

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40
Q

where does the pulp cavity cavity extend into …

A

root canals

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41
Q

Alveolar processes of upper and
lower jaws are covered by….

A

gingiva
(gums)

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42
Q

Teeth are fixed to ……

A

Teeth are fixed to bony sockets of
the alveolar processes of the jaws
with many periodontal ligaments

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43
Q

label this diagram

A
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44
Q

what is Deciduous teeth

A

20 teeth that appear during 6-24 mnths

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45
Q

what is permanent teeth

A

32 teeth that appear at 6-12 years, this includes 3rd molars (wisdom) which appears from 17-25 years

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46
Q

What are the different types of teeth

A

Incisors (8 total)
- chisel-shaped for biting and
cutting
Canines (4 total)
- fang-like for tearing
Premolars (8 total)
- broad for crushing and grinding
Molars (12 total)
- broad for crushing and grinding

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47
Q

what is the tongue?

A

Muscular organ made of intrinsic muscles that change shape of
tongue; numerous extrinsic muscles alter tongue’s position

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48
Q

tongue function

A

Participates in food mixing during chewing, bolus formation and
initiation of swallowing; also essential for speech and taste

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49
Q

what does the sublingual glands produce

A

enzyme lingual lipase

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50
Q

what are the 2 digestions in the mouth ?

A

mechanical and chemical

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51
Q

what does the Tongue papillae house?

A

taste buds

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52
Q

What are the 3 types of taste buds?

A

– filiform: whitish, give the tongue
roughness and provide friction
– fungiform: reddish, scattered
over the tongue
– circumvallate (vallate): V-shaped
row in back of tongue

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53
Q

tongue also contains…

A

Tongue also contains lingual
tonsil (immune tissue)

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54
Q

label this diagram

A
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55
Q

what is mechanical digestion and its function?

A

Mechanical digestion (mastication or chewing)
– breaks food into smaller pieces
– mixes pieces of food with saliva

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56
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

refers to breakdown of
food through enzyme activity

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57
Q

what is the process of chemical digestion called and what is it?

A

the process is called hydrolysis – breakdown of
complex molecules into simpler ones with the
addition of a molecule of water

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58
Q

what is the main enzyme in the mouth and its function?

A

the main enzyme in the mouth is amylase – begins
starch digestion into simpler sugars
* this digestion stops in the stomach due to the high acidity
(low pH) of the stomach which neutralises amylase

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59
Q

what is the oesophagus?

A

Muscular tube that connects pharynx and stomach

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60
Q

where is the oesophagus located?

A

Located in the mediastinum
– anterior to the vertebral column
– posterior to the trachea
– posterior to the heart

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61
Q

where does oesophagus pass through?

A
  • Passes through diaphragm at an
    opening called the oesophageal
    hiatus
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62
Q

what is the function of the oesophagus?

A

Function: transports food into the
stomach during swallowing.
– swallowing is aided by the presence of
saliva
– peristalsis moves the bolus  stomach

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63
Q

label this diagram

A
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64
Q

what are the Four layers of the oesophagus?

A

– mucosa
– submucosa
– muscle layer
– outer connective tissue covering
(blending with surrounding
connective tissue)

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65
Q

function of Upper and lower oesophageal
muscular sphincters ?

A

control
passage of food; normally
closed, open during swallowing

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66
Q

what are the 5 stages of digestion?

A
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67
Q

What are the parts of the stomach?

A

Parts: cardia, fundus, body, pyloric antrum, pyloric canal and pylorus
(opening into duodenum with circular pyloric sphincter muscle)

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68
Q

What are the borders of the stomach?

A

Borders: lesser curvature (medial) and greater curvature (lateral)

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69
Q

Where is the stomach located?

A

Location: located under diaphragm in the left upper abdominal area

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70
Q

What are the stomach wall layers?

A

Stomach wall layers:
− mucosa - simple columnar epithelium; has large folds known as rugae that make the surface rough (to increase the mixing & mechanical breakdown effects)
− submucosa containing submucosal plexus
− smooth muscle arranged in several layers, containing myenteric plexus
− serosa – smooth visceral peritoneum

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71
Q

Label this diagram: stomach

A
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72
Q

Label this diagram: gastric mucosa

A
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73
Q

What is gastric mucosa composed of?

A

composed of simple columnar epithelium that folds inside the wall containing numerous gastric glands opening on mucosal surface via gastric pits

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74
Q

What do Surface Mucous and Mucous Neck Cells produce?

A

mucus and are the most numerous in the gastric mucosa

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75
Q

What do parietal cells produce?

A

hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (protein required for absorption of vitamin B12)

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76
Q

What do chief cells produce?

A

digestive enzymes; pepsinogen and lipase

77
Q

What are G cells, and they produce ?

A

produce hormone gastrin —> stimulates release of gastric juice and ↑ gastric motilit

78
Q

Label this diagram of gastric mucosa

A
79
Q

What is mechanical digestion achieved through?

A

achieved through peristaltic movements (mixing waves)

80
Q

What does food turn into during mechanical digestion?

A

– food turned into thick soupy liquid called chyme

81
Q

What 2 chemicals are involved in chemical digestion?

A

Hydrochloride acid and pepsin(also known as proteolytic enzyme)

82
Q

during chemical digestion where does hydrochloric acid come from

A

– hydrochloric acid from parietal cells.

83
Q

hydrochloric acid from parietal cells function

A
  • kills microbes; denatures (unfolds) proteins from food
    making enzymatic proteolysis easier; transforms
    pepsinogen (inactive enzyme) into pepsin, inactivates
    salivary amylase
84
Q

pepsin (proteolytic enzyme) function

A
  • breaks down protein chains into smaller peptide
    fragments
  • most effective in the very acidic environment (pH=2)
85
Q

what are the phases involved in Regulation of Gastric Secretion and Motility

A

Cephalic phase, gastric phase, Intestinal phase

86
Q

what does the Cephalic phase start with

A

sight, smell, taste, thought of food

87
Q

outcome of Cephalic phase

A

parasympathetic activation leads to stimulation of gastric
secretion and motility (via cranial nerve 10 – vagus)

88
Q

what is Gastric phase activated by

A

activated via stretch receptors and chemoreceptors (monitor
pH) in the stomach after the food comes in

89
Q

outcomes of gastric phase

A

outcomes: increased peristalsis (mixing), release of gastric –> increased gastric secretions

90
Q

what is the Intestinal phase?

A

enterogastric reflex and hormones (enterogastrones -
secretin, cholecystokinin and vasoactive intestinal peptide)
decrease stomach secretions, motility and emptying

91
Q

Gastric Motility and Emptying steps

A
92
Q

Regulation of Gastric Emptying

A
  • As chyme enters duodenum –>into intestinal phase
    – Receptors respond to
    stretch and chemical signals
    – Enterogastric reflex occurs
    (inhibits gastric motility) and
    enterogastrones (inhibits
    gastric acid production)
  • Carbohydrate-rich chyme
    moves quickly through
    duodenum
  • Fatty chyme remains in
    duodenum 6 hours or
    more
93
Q

How long is the small interesting and location?

A

~6m long; from pyloric sphincter to
ileocaecal valve

94
Q

function of small intestine

A

Major organ of digestion and
absorption

95
Q

subdivisions of the small intestine

A

Subdivisions:
– Duodenum
* retroperitoneal = behind
parietal peritoneum
– Jejunum
* attached posteriorly by by
mesentery
– Ileum
* attached posteriorly
by mesentery

96
Q

what is motility?

A

Motility: mostly segmentation with
intermittent peristalsis

97
Q

label diagram of small intestine

A
98
Q

what is the Duodenum?

A

1st part of Small intestine

99
Q

size of duodenum

A

shortest part of the small intestine ~ 25 cm

100
Q

location of duodenum

A

curves around head of pancreas

101
Q

what does duodenum recieve

A

receives the bile duct
(from gall bladder and
liver) and main
pancreatic duct
(from pancreas)

102
Q

what is the Brunner’s glands and its function

A

Brunner’s glands
secrete alkaline
mucus to neutralize
acidic chyme

103
Q

label this diagram

A
104
Q

what is Jejunum?

A

2nd part of SI (small intestine)

105
Q

where is the jejunum located and size

A

– extends from
duodenum to ileum
– about 2.5 m long

106
Q

what is the Ileum?

A

3rd part of SI (small intestine)

107
Q

Location of ileum and size.

A

– extends from
jejunum to caecum
(1st part of LI)
– joins large intestine
at ileocaecal valve
– about 3.6 m long

108
Q

label this diagram

A
109
Q

what are the Vessels and Nerves of SI

A
  • Superior mesenteric artery
    -Veins
  • vagus nerve and sympathetics
110
Q

what is Superior mesenteric artery (function and location)

A

Superior mesenteric artery (branch of the
abdominal aorta) brings oxygen-rich, nutrient poor blood supply

111
Q

what do veins carry to SI?

A

Veins (carrying nutrient-rich, oxygen-poor
blood) drain into superior mesenteric veins –>
hepatic portal vein –> liver

112
Q

what is vagus nerve and sympathetics

A

Vagus nerve (parasympathetic/rest and digest)
and sympathetics (fight or flight) from thoracic
splanchnic nerves serve small intestine

113
Q

Label this diagram

A
114
Q

label this diagram

A
115
Q

what is Enterocytes?

A

Lined with simple columnar epithelium specialised for
absorption

116
Q

what does small intestine contain(histology)

A
  • contains numerous mucus-producing cells (Goblet cells)
  • Contains Peyer’s patches which protect against bacteria
117
Q

Structures that increase surface area of small intestine.

A

Structures that increase surface area:
– circular folds of mucosa (plicae circulares)
* permanent folds (~1 cm deep) that force chyme to slowly spiral
through lumen –> ^ nutrient absorption
– villi
* extensions (~1 mm high) of mucosa with capillary bed and
lymphatic vessels (lacteals) for absorption
– microvilli
* microscopic extensions of cell membrane on the upper surface
* microvilli form so-called brush border which contain some
digestive enzymes (for digesting carbohydrates and proteins)

118
Q

Histology of Small Intestine diagram

A
119
Q

when is Intestinal crypt epithelium renewed?

A

every 2-4 days

120
Q

what cells do Intestinal Crypts contain?

A

Contain secretory cells

121
Q

what do secretory cells in the intestinal crypts produce?

A

intestinal juice:
- 1- 2L secreted daily in response to distension or irritation of mucosa
- Slightly alkaline; isotonic with blood plasma
- Largely water; enzyme-poor (enzymes of SI only in brush
border); contains mucus

122
Q

intestinal juice function

A

– Facilitates transport and absorption of nutrients

123
Q

what are Enteroendocrine cells ?

A

-Enteroendocrine cells are specialized cells found in the gastrointestinal tract.
-They play a crucial role in regulating various digestive processes, including the secretion of hormones known as enterogastrones.
-Enterogastrones are hormones that primarily influence the functioning of the stomach and small intestine. T

124
Q

Intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) function

A

– Release cytokines that kill infected cells

125
Q

Paneth cells function

A

Secrete antimicrobial agents (defensins and lysozyme)

126
Q

Stem cells divide to …..

A

produce crypt cells

127
Q

label these diagrams

A
128
Q

mechanical digestion in Small Intestine

A

– bile (from liver/gall
bladder), peristalsis and segmentation

129
Q

chemical digestion in Small Intestine

A

– enzymes from pancreas and small intestine

130
Q

label this diagram

A
131
Q

what are the 7 steps of digestion n label diagram

A
132
Q

Name the 3 major
branches of the
abdominal aorta that
supplies the GIT

A

Celiac trunk
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Inferior Mesenteric artery

133
Q

Which peritoneal fold
suspends the jejunum
and ileum?

A

Mesentery

134
Q

Where would you find
Chief cells? Name 1
enzyme they produce?

A

Stomach
Pepsinogen or lipase

135
Q

B. Identify the
structures labelled i), ii)
and iii).

A

i) Parotid gland
ii) sublingual gland
iii) submandibular gland

136
Q

Which cranial nerve
sends parasympathetic
fibres to the
Gastrointestinal tract?

A

Vagus nerve (CN10)

137
Q

B The portal vein
contains oxygen poor
and nutrient rich blood
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

True

138
Q

Name one structure in
the intestine that
increases the intestinal
surface area.

A

Either:
-Plicae Circulares (circular
folds)
- Villi
-Microvilli

139
Q
A
140
Q
A
141
Q
A
142
Q
A
143
Q
A
144
Q
A
145
Q

What type of digestion occurs in the mouth?

A

Mechanical and chemical

146
Q

And by what means does Mechanical and chemical processes occur?

A

Mechanical by chewing and tongue movements, and chemical by salivary
enzymes

147
Q

What is the unidirectional movement of the oesophagus called?

A

Peristalsis

148
Q
A
149
Q

What type of digestion occurs in the stomach?

A

Mechanical and chemical

150
Q

And by what means does mechanical and chemical processes occur?

A

Mechanical by stomach muscles and chemical by acids and enzymes

151
Q

. Name and label the three muscle layers of the stomach wall. What is the importance of
having these three different layers?

A

Longitudinal, circular and oblique layers of muscularis externa.
Stomach can contract in many different directions enhancing the grinding effect and mechanical digestion
that occurs in the stomach.

152
Q

Match the cell type with its function and location in the gastric pits

A
153
Q
A
154
Q
A
155
Q

What type of digestion occurs in the small intestine?And by what means does these processes occur?

A

Mechanical and chemical. Mechanical by segmentation and
by bile and chemical by pancreatic and intestinal enzymes

156
Q

Where in the GIT does nutrient absorption primarily occur?

A

Small intestine

157
Q

Define the four layers of the Gastrointestinal Tract and list their functions:

A
  • Mucosa: lines the lumen; composed of
    epithelium (different types in different locations but mostly simple columnar epithelium and mucussecreting cells
    lamina propria (loose areolar connective tissue with capillaries for nourishment and absorption)
    muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle that produces local movements of mucosa)
  • Submucosa: dense connective tissue with glands, blood/lymph vessels; also
    submucosal plexus (neural network) – controls secretion
  • Smooth muscle Smooth muscle responsible for segmentation and peristalsis;
    also contains myenteric plexus (neural network) – controls motility
  • Serosa visceral peritoneum; attachment to mesentery (which carries blood
    vessels and nerves)
158
Q
A
159
Q

What is the peritoneal cavity?

A

The space between the parietal
and visceral peritoneum

160
Q

Which important structures travel
within the peritoneal folds?

A

Blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves

161
Q

Abdominal organs which are almost completely covered with peritoneum (such as the
stomach) are called? Give some examples.

A

Intraperitoneal; spleen, parts of the SI,
liver, tail of pancreas, stomach, transverse colon.

162
Q

Abdominal organs which are only partially covered by peritoneum (usually on their
anterior surface e.g. kidney) are called?

A

? Retroperitoneal; pancreas (except tail),
ureters, colon (ascending and descending), kidneys, oesophagus and rectum.

163
Q

What is the function of the greater omentum?

A
  1. Fat deposition: having varying
    amounts of adipose tissue
  2. Immune contribution: having milky spots of macrophage collections
  3. Infection and wound isolation: It may also physically limit the spread of
    intraperitoneal infections. The greater omentum can often be found wrapped
    around areas of infection and trauma.
164
Q
A
165
Q
A
166
Q
A
167
Q

Which gastrointestinal organs does the celiac trunk supply?

A

Inf. Oesophagus, stomach, 1st half of duodenum, liver and pancreas.

168
Q

Which gastrointestinal organs does the superior mesenteric artery supply?

A

2nd half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, ascending colon, 1st half of transverse colon.

169
Q

Which gastrointestinal organs does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?

A

Second half of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon and rectum

170
Q
A
171
Q
A
172
Q
A
173
Q
A
174
Q
A
175
Q

What is the main organic molecule digested in the stomach?

A

Proteins are mainly digested in the stomach by hydrochloric acid and pepsin.

176
Q

The propulsive function that occurs in the oesophagus is called __________.

A

peristalsis. The oesophagus uses peristalsis to move food toward the stomach.

177
Q

Which hormone is produced by G cells that stimulates the release of gastric juices and increases gastric motility?

A

gastrin. G cells (which are located in gastric pits) produce the hormone gastrin, which stimulates the stomach.

178
Q

Which of the following products does the stomach produce?

A

HCl and intrinsic factor. Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid (HCl) and intrinsic factor (which is a protein required for absorption of vitamin B12).

179
Q

Protective collections of lymphocytes and macrophages are found in __________.

A

Peyer’s patches

180
Q

Which of the following cells produce pepsinogen?

A

chief cells

181
Q

During swallowing, the bolus passes into the stomach from the oesophagus through the __________.

A

lower oesophageal sphincter. The bolus passes into the stomach from the oesophagus through the lower oesophageal sphincter, also known as the cardiac sphincter due to its close proximity to the heart.

182
Q

What would be the effect of stripping the small intestines of their villi?

A

Decreased surface area for absorption would cause weight loss to occur.

183
Q

label this

A

A: Tendinous intersection
B: Right External oblique muscle
C: Left Rectus abdominis muscle
D: umbilicus

184
Q

label this

A

Specified Answer for: A
tongue
Specified Answer for: B
sublingual gland
Specified Answer for: C
submandibular gland
Specified Answer for: D
mandible

185
Q

label this

A

a: left lobe of liver
b: greater omentum
c: spleen
d: body of stomach

186
Q

label this

A

a: Duodenum
b: pylorus
c: rugae
d: greater ometnum

187
Q

Starting from the deepest layer, which sequence below represents the correct layering of the wall of the GI tract?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa

188
Q
A

a:The mesentery
b:ileum
c: jejunum

189
Q

__________ is the major means of propulsion in the digestive system.

A

Peristalsis

HAP 2 (11 decks)

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