week 1 additional flashcards from quiz and tut
Name the 2 layers of the pericardium
- fibrous AND
- serous pericardium (parietal layers AND visceral layer also known as epicardium)
identify the 3 main functions of blood
protection, distribution and regulation
which chamber pumps blood into the aorta
the left ventricle
an individual with blood group a has which type of antibodies in their plasma?
b-antibodies
What is haematocrit?
The percentage of erythrocytes (RBCs) in a blood sample
identify chamber A, which major veins drain into it?
Right atrium. SVC, IVC and Coronary Sinus drain into it
which layer f the heart wall is b and name the specialised cardiomyocytes that conduct action potentials.
myocardium
purkinje fibres
What are the three main functions of blood? Give at least 2 examples for each function (e.g. delivering hormones, preventing infection etc.).
- Distribution - Delivering oxygen, delivering nutrients, transporting wastes, transporting hormones, etc.
- Regulation – Maintaining body temp. , maintaining pH, maintaining fluid volume, etc.
- Protection – preventing blood loss, preventing infection, etc
Blood contains both cellular and liquid components, which consists of the formed
elements and the plasma.
Which 3 cell types make up the formed elements? List their functions.
- Erythrocytes (RBCs) – transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Leukocytes (WBCs) – respond to foreign bodies (immune response)
- Platelets – involved in the blood clotting process
c) What is the main constituent of plasma?
water
d) What are the other important components of plasma?
Dissolved proteins, glucose,
clotting factors, electrolytes, hormones, carbon dioxide, etc.
AB type antigens=
a and b antigens
ab type antibodies=
neither anti-a or anti-b antibodies
o type antigens?
neither a or b antigens
o type antibodies
both anti-a and b antibodies
observe the results of a standard blood typing test. Determine the blood type for samples 1-4. How did you come to these conclusions?
Sample 1: B – the blood mixed with A Antibodies had no clumps, the blood mixed with B Antibodies had lots of clumps; meaning that the blood type is B as the B antibodies attached to the B antigens on the blood cells and made them coagulate
Sample 2: O – the blood mixed with A Antibodies had no clumps, the blood mixed with B Antibodies had no clumps; meaning that the blood type is O as the A and B antibodies did not affect the blood cells as there are no antigens on the curface of O type blood cells
Sample 3: AB – the blood mixed with A Antibodies had clumps, the blood mixed with B Antibodies clumps; meaning that the blood type is AB as the A and B antibodies attached to the A and B antigens on the blood cells and made them coagulate
Sample 4: A – the blood mixed with A Antibodies had clumps, the blood mixed with B Antibodies had no clumps; meaning that the blood type is A as the A antibodies attached to the A antigens on the blood cells and made them coagulate
c) Can you receive a blood type other than your own?
Yes. 1: Blood can be spun down and erythrocytes can be separated from the plasma (which has the antibodies in it). If this is done which blood type can receive all other blood types and which blood type can be given to all blood types. ANSWER: AB is the universal recipient, as it has no antibodies in its plasma to have a reaction with the antigens on the erythrocytes. O is the universal donor, as it has no surface antigens to react with antibodies in the plasma of other blood types.
‘The heart is located within the …….., which is a medial partition in the thorax. The heart is bordered laterally by the ……, anteriorly by the ….., and posteriorly by the …….’
mediastinum
lungs
sternum
vertebral column
Why is it functionally significant that the heart is located within the thorax?
The thoracic cage protects the heart
b) What is the benefit of the heart being in close proximity to the lungs?
The blood that has oxygenated in the lungs does not have to travel far to be drained back into the heart to be pumped around the body, and the deoxygenated blood that has returned to the heart does not have to travel far to be pumped into the lungs for oxygenation
what is the Fibrous Pericardium ?
tough outer layer which is fused superiorly with the great vessels and inferiorly with the diaphragm
what is the Serous Pericardium (parietal layer) ?
– smooth glistening membrane fused with the inside of the fibrous pericardium
what is the Serous Pericardium (visceral layer) ?
also called ‘epicardium’. smooth membrane covering the surface of the heart
a) What is the pericardial cavity? What does it contain and explain its function.
Space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium. Pericardial Fluid ~10-20mL.
Allows the heart to work in a friction-free environment.
b) Name the three layers of the heart wall (from external to internal).
Epicardium, Myocardium and Endocardium