week 1 additional flashcards from quiz and tut
Name the 2 layers of the pericardium
- fibrous AND
- serous pericardium (parietal layers AND visceral layer also known as epicardium)
identify the 3 main functions of blood
protection, distribution and regulation
which chamber pumps blood into the aorta
the left ventricle
an individual with blood group a has which type of antibodies in their plasma?
b-antibodies
What is haematocrit?
The percentage of erythrocytes (RBCs) in a blood sample
identify chamber A, which major veins drain into it?
Right atrium. SVC, IVC and Coronary Sinus drain into it
which layer f the heart wall is b and name the specialised cardiomyocytes that conduct action potentials.
myocardium
purkinje fibres
What are the three main functions of blood? Give at least 2 examples for each function (e.g. delivering hormones, preventing infection etc.).
- Distribution - Delivering oxygen, delivering nutrients, transporting wastes, transporting hormones, etc.
- Regulation – Maintaining body temp. , maintaining pH, maintaining fluid volume, etc.
- Protection – preventing blood loss, preventing infection, etc
Blood contains both cellular and liquid components, which consists of the formed
elements and the plasma.
Which 3 cell types make up the formed elements? List their functions.
- Erythrocytes (RBCs) – transports oxygen and carbon dioxide
- Leukocytes (WBCs) – respond to foreign bodies (immune response)
- Platelets – involved in the blood clotting process
c) What is the main constituent of plasma?
water
d) What are the other important components of plasma?
Dissolved proteins, glucose,
clotting factors, electrolytes, hormones, carbon dioxide, etc.
AB type antigens=
a and b antigens
ab type antibodies=
neither anti-a or anti-b antibodies
o type antigens?
neither a or b antigens
o type antibodies
both anti-a and b antibodies
observe the results of a standard blood typing test. Determine the blood type for samples 1-4. How did you come to these conclusions?
Sample 1: B – the blood mixed with A Antibodies had no clumps, the blood mixed with B Antibodies had lots of clumps; meaning that the blood type is B as the B antibodies attached to the B antigens on the blood cells and made them coagulate
Sample 2: O – the blood mixed with A Antibodies had no clumps, the blood mixed with B Antibodies had no clumps; meaning that the blood type is O as the A and B antibodies did not affect the blood cells as there are no antigens on the curface of O type blood cells
Sample 3: AB – the blood mixed with A Antibodies had clumps, the blood mixed with B Antibodies clumps; meaning that the blood type is AB as the A and B antibodies attached to the A and B antigens on the blood cells and made them coagulate
Sample 4: A – the blood mixed with A Antibodies had clumps, the blood mixed with B Antibodies had no clumps; meaning that the blood type is A as the A antibodies attached to the A antigens on the blood cells and made them coagulate
c) Can you receive a blood type other than your own?
Yes. 1: Blood can be spun down and erythrocytes can be separated from the plasma (which has the antibodies in it). If this is done which blood type can receive all other blood types and which blood type can be given to all blood types. ANSWER: AB is the universal recipient, as it has no antibodies in its plasma to have a reaction with the antigens on the erythrocytes. O is the universal donor, as it has no surface antigens to react with antibodies in the plasma of other blood types.
‘The heart is located within the …….., which is a medial partition in the thorax. The heart is bordered laterally by the ……, anteriorly by the ….., and posteriorly by the …….’
mediastinum
lungs
sternum
vertebral column
Why is it functionally significant that the heart is located within the thorax?
The thoracic cage protects the heart
b) What is the benefit of the heart being in close proximity to the lungs?
The blood that has oxygenated in the lungs does not have to travel far to be drained back into the heart to be pumped around the body, and the deoxygenated blood that has returned to the heart does not have to travel far to be pumped into the lungs for oxygenation
what is the Fibrous Pericardium ?
tough outer layer which is fused superiorly with the great vessels and inferiorly with the diaphragm
what is the Serous Pericardium (parietal layer) ?
– smooth glistening membrane fused with the inside of the fibrous pericardium
what is the Serous Pericardium (visceral layer) ?
also called ‘epicardium’. smooth membrane covering the surface of the heart
a) What is the pericardial cavity? What does it contain and explain its function.
Space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium. Pericardial Fluid ~10-20mL.
Allows the heart to work in a friction-free environment.
b) Name the three layers of the heart wall (from external to internal).
Epicardium, Myocardium and Endocardium
Define the term myocardium
Middle layer of the heart wall, made up of cardiac muscle, makes up the bulk of the heart. Contracts when stimulated by heart conduction system.
d) Define the term endocardium
Innermost layer of the heart wall, lines the chambers and the valves.
What is the function of the papillary muscles?
Attach to chordae tendineae which anchor the AV valves
b) What is the function of the trabeculae carneae?
to contract in many directions to make sure that blood is always moving (prevents blood from being stagnant and clotting)
a) What happens to the myocardium if there is a blockage in one of the coronary arteries?
Blood is not delivered to regions of myocardium which results in Cardiac Ischemia (Heart Attack)
b) Why does the heart need its own circulation?
Because the heart tissue does not take nutrients from the blood in its chambers.
flow of blood
deoxy blood from body enter RA through coronary sinus, svc and ivc.
tricuspid valve opens and blood goes to RV
pulmonary valve opens and takes blood to lungs via pulmonary trunk and arteries.
from the lungs oxygenated blood enters LA through pulmonary veins.
bicuspid valves open taking blood to LV.
blood is transported via aortic valve to the aorta, aortic arch and whole body and then the cycle repeats lungs, deoxy blood, coronary sinus, SVC, IVC.
What are the cardiac nerves?
A network of sympathetic nerves from the sympathetic chain which supplies the heart.
Do they transmit sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation?
Sympathetic
do they have a cardiostimulatory or cardioinhibitory effect on the heart?
Cardiostimulatory- heart will beat faster (fight or flight response)
b) Which cranial nerve innervates the heart?
Vagus Nerve (CN 10).
i) Does it transmit sympathetic or parasympathetic innervation?
Parasympathetic
ii) Does it have a cardiostimulatory or cardioinhibitory effect on the heart?
Cardioinhibitory – heart will slow down. (Rest and digest response)
c) What is the importance of the fibrous skeleton of the heart with regard to the heart conduction system?
It forms the basis of electrical discontinuity between atria and ventricles
What is this structure?
Fibrous pericardium (Lacey like fibre)
What are these structure?
Second layers of pericardium (serous pericardium: parietal layer on left which is attached to fibrous and visceral on right also known as epicardium.
What is this structure?
Coronary sulcus
What are these structure?
Choose the correct sequence of current flow through the heart.
AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibres, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches
Answers:
a.
AV node, Purkinje fibres, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches
b.
SA node, Purkinje fibres, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches
c.
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibres
d.
Purkinje fibres, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, SA node
e.
AV node, SA node, Purkinje fibres, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches
c. SA node, AV node, AV bundle, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibres
The __________ are attached to the AV valve flaps.
.
chordae tendinae
The coronary arteries arise from the __________.
Selected Answer:
Answers:
a.
Right Atrium
b.
Inferior Vena Cava
c.
Superior Vena Cava
d.
Pulmonary Trunk
e. aorta
e. aorta
Identify structures labelled (A) [B] (C) [D] (E) [F] (G) [H]
a. Aorta/Ascending Aorta
b.Pulmonary Artery/Left Pulmonary Artery
c. Coronary Sinus
d. Middle Cardiac Vein
e.Superior Vena Cava
f.Pulmonary Trunk
g. Pulmonary Vein/Right Pulmonary Vein
h. Inferior Vena Cava
The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the __________.
Answers:
a.
Left Atrium
b.
Superior Vena Cava
c.
Right Ventricle
d.
Right Atrium
e.
Left Ventricle
d.
Right Atrium
The tricuspid valve is located between the __________.
Answers:
a.
right and left ventricles
b.
left atrium and left ventricle
c.
right ventricle and the aorta
d.
right and left atria
e.
right atrium and right ventricle
e.
right atrium and right ventricle
Select the correct sequence of layers in the heart wall, starting with the outer layer.
Answers:
a.
endocardium, epicardium, myocardium
b.
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
c.
parietal pericardium, myocardium, endocardium
d.
myocardium, pericardium, endocardium
e.
endocardium, smooth muscle, epicardium
b.
epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Identify structures labelled A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H
a. Pulmonary Artery/Right Pulmonary Artery
b. Pulmonary Semilunar Valve/Pulmonary Valve
c. Right Atrioventricular Valve/Tricuspid Valve
d.Tendinous Cords/Chordae Tendinae
e. Aortic Valve/Aortic Semilunar Valve
f. Bicuspid Valve/Mitral Valve/Left Atrioventricular Valve
g.Papillary Muscle/Papillary Muscles
h. Interventricular Septum
The inner lining of the fibrous pericardium is formed by the __________.
Answers:
a.
Myocardium
b.
Epicardium
c.
Diaphragm
d.
Visceral layer of the Serous Pericardium
e.
Parietal layer of the Serous Pericardium
e.
Parietal layer of the Serous Pericardium
Identify structures labelled A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H
A. Brachiocephalic Trunk
B. Superior Vena Cava
C.Fibrous Pericardium
D.Left Common Carotid Artery
E.Aorta
F. Pulmonary Trunk
G.Anterior Interventricular Artery
H. Apex
Identify structures labelled A, B, C,D,E,F,G,H
A. aorta
B:superior vena cava
C:right auricle
D:right coronary artery
E:inferior vena cava
F:pulmonary trunk
G: Anterior Interventricular Artery
H:Great Cardiac Vein
During pulmonary circulation, blood leaves the:
Answers:
right ventricle and moves to the lungs
right ventricle and goes directly to the aorta
right atrium and goes directly to the left ventricle
right atrium and goes directly to the lungs
left ventricle and moves to the lungs
right ventricle and moves to the lungs
The definition of Cardiac Output (CO) is:
Answers:
the number of heart beats per minute
the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle during ventricular contraction
the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute
the number of impulses fired by the sinoatrial node per minute
the amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole
the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle in 1 minute
The normal pacemaker of the heart is the:
Answers:
Atrioventricular Node
Purkinje Fibres
Atrioventricular Bundle
Left and Right Bundle Branches
Sinoatrial Node
Correct
Sinoatrial Node
The cells of the myocardium behave as a single, coordinated unit called __________.
Answers:
a.
a pacemaker
b.
functional synctium
c.
a gap junction
d.
a sarcomere
e.
contractile unit
b.
functional synctium
Can an individual with Type-AB blood receive a Type-A blood transfusion?
Yes. Type-A blood can be centrifuged to remove the plasma which contains the Anti-B antibodies.
The __________ nerve carries parasympathetic fibres to the sinoatrial (SA) node.
Vagus
Which of the following factors gives the myocardium its high resistance to fatigue?
Answers:
a.
the coronary circulation
b.
the constant supply of oxygen
c.
the very large number of mitochondria within the cardiocytes
d.
gap junctions
e.
the presence of intercalated discs
c.
the very large number of mitochondria within the cardiocytes
During systemic circulation, blood leaves the:
Answers:
right ventricle and moves to the left ventricle
left ventricle and goes directly to the aorta
lungs and moves to the left atrium
right ventricle and goes directly to the aorta
right atrium and goes directly to the lungs
left ventricle and goes directly to the aorta
The correct sequence of electrical current flow through the conduction system of the heart is:
Sinoatrial Node, Atrioventricular Node, Atrioventricular Bundle, Right and Left Bundle Branches, Purkinje Fibres
When the bicuspid (left atrioventricular) valve closes, it prevents the backflow of blood from the:
left ventricle into the left atrium
