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HAP 2 > Week 10 > Flashcards

Week 10 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the Reproductive System?

A

The system that is designed to create new life

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2
Q

what are the Primary sex organs (gonads)?

A

testes and ovaries

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3
Q

function of primary sex organs?

A

– produce reproductive cells
(gametes; sperm and ova)
– secrete steroid sex hormones:
androgens (males) and oestrogens
and progesterone (females)

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4
Q
  • sex hormones play roles in:
A

– development and function of the reproductive organs
– sexual behaviour and drive
– growth and development of many other organs and tissues such as muscle

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5
Q

what are the Accessory reproductive organs?

A

ducts, glands, and
external genitalia

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6
Q

The reproductive system relies on the ……

A

hypothalamic–
pituitary–gonadal axis (also HPG axis)

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7
Q

what is the e hypothalamic–
pituitary–gonadal axis (also HPG axis)?

A

communication between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland
and the gonads.

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8
Q

hypothalamic–
pituitary–gonadal axis (also HPG axis) processes.

A
  1. Hypothalamus releases Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
    2.Pituitary gland releases Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
  2. Stimulates the ovaries and testes to produce their hormones, which communicate with the hypothalamus and pituitary gland
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9
Q

Ovaries - female gonads function

A

– Produce female gametes
(ova)
– Secrete female sex
hormones, oestrogens
(estradiol, estrone, estriol)
and progesterone

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10
Q

Female Reproductive System Accessory organs include:

A
  • Uterine (fallopian) tubes
    – Uterus
    – Vagina
    – Greater vestibular glands
    – Mammary glands
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11
Q

where is the Internal female genitalia and its contents?

A
  • Internal genitalia - in pelvic cavity
    –Ovaries
    – Uterine tubes
    – Uterus
    –Vagina
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12
Q

what is the External genitalia
and its contents?

A

known as the vulva contains external sex organs

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13
Q

what are mammary glands?

A

Modified sweat glands consisting of 15–25 lobes

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14
Q

what do Lobules within lobes contain …

A

glandular alveoli that produce milk

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15
Q

Flow of milk in mammary glands

A

Milk —> lactiferous ducts –> lactiferous sinuses –> open to
the outside at nipple

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16
Q

what is the Areola?

A

pigmented skin surrounding nipple (covering areolar
glands)

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17
Q

diagram of mammary glands

A
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18
Q

what does External Genitalia (Vulva) contain?

A
  • mons pubis
  • labia majora
  • labia minora
  • clitoris
  • perineum
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19
Q

what is the mons pubis?

A

Mons pubis - fatty area overlying pubic symphysis

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20
Q

what is the labia majora?

A

Labia majora (counterpart of male scrotum) - hair-covered,
fatty skin folds

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21
Q

what is Labia minora?

A

Labia minora - skin folds rich sebaceous glands lying within
labia majora
– Vestibule: recess within labia minora

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22
Q

what is the clitoris?

A
  • Clitoris (counterpart to penis)
    – Glans of the clitoris:
    exposed portion
    – Prepuce of the clitoris:
    covers the glans like a hood
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23
Q

what is the perineum?

A

– Diamond-shaped region
between pubic arch and
coccyx
– Bordered by ischial
tuberosities laterally

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24
Q

External Genitalia (Vulva) diagram

A
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25
Q

External Genitalia (Vulva)
SKIN REMOVED diagram

A
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26
Q

Clitoris location and skin deep anatomy

A

– anterior to
vestibule
– Glans of the clitoris -
exposed portion
– Body of the clitoris
– Crus of the clitoris
– Bulb of the vestibule
* erectile tissue

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27
Q

role of Greater vestibular
glands?

A

– Release mucus into
vestibule for lubrication

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28
Q

what is the Vagina?

A
  • Thin-walled tube 8-10 cm in length
  • Birth canal and organ of copulation
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29
Q

vagina location

A
  • Located between bladder and rectum
  • Extends from cervix (part of uterus) to vulva
  • Urethra parallels course
    anteriorly
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30
Q

what supplies blood to vagina?

A

Blood supply: Vaginal
artery from Internal Iliac A.

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31
Q

where is venous drainage in vagina?

A

Venous drainage: vaginal
venous plexus

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32
Q

what are the Layers of vaginal wall

A

Layers of vaginal wall
– Outermost: Fibroelastic adventitia
– Middle: Smooth muscle
– Innermost: Stratified squamous mucosa
with rugae

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33
Q

what is vaginal
fornix?

A

Upper end of vagina surrounding
the cervix is called the vaginal
fornix

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34
Q

what is the hymen?

A

Lower end of vagina (near
vaginal orifice) - mucosa forms
incomplete partition called
hymen – ruptures with
intercourse (can rupture earlier
from bicycle ride, horse ride, etc)

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35
Q

what is Uterus?

A
  • Hollow, thick-walled, muscular orga
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36
Q

function of uterus?

A

Receive, retain and nourish fertilized ovum

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37
Q

anatomy of uterus diagram

A
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38
Q

what are the parts of the uterus?

A

Fundus - rounded superior region
* Body - major portion
* Isthmus - narrowed inferior region
* Cervix - narrow neck, or outlet; projects into vagina

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39
Q

Cervical canal communicates with:

A
  • Uterine body via internal os
  • Vagina via external os
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40
Q

what are the Walls of uterus?

A

– Endometrium (sheds during menses)
* simple columnar epithelium
on top of stroma (CT) layer
* Stroma layer varies in thickness
depending on hormonal influences
– Myometrium
* muscular layer important for uterine
contractions during menses and childbirth
– Perimetrium
* outer serosa layer of uterus

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41
Q

diagram of uterus anatomy

A
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42
Q

Uterus Blood supply:

A

uterine artery from internal
iliac artery and ovarian artery from abdominal aorta

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43
Q

uterus Venous drainage

A

uterine veins

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44
Q

what are the Supportive ligaments of the uterus?

A

– mesometrium: lateral support;
portion of the broad ligament
– lateral cervical ligaments:
from the cervix and superior
part of the vagina to the walls
of the pelvis
– uterosacral ligaments secure
uterus to the sacrum
– round ligaments bind to the
anterior wall and also sends
attaching fibres to the vulva

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45
Q

uterine (fallopian) tubes location and size

A

Uterine (fallopian) tubes are narrow, 10 cm long tubes extending from
ovaries to uterus

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46
Q

what are Uterine (fallopian) tubes composed of?

A

composed of isthmus (narrow segment), ampulla (wide
section) and infundibulum (open, funnel-shaped portion near the ovary that
contains fimbriae - finger-like processes that serve to sweep oocyte into the tube)

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47
Q

where does fertilisation occur?

A

Normally sperm cells reach ovum in the ampulla ~ where fertilisation occurs

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48
Q

what is a zygote and where does it get moved to?

A

Zygote (product of conception) is moved towards the uterus via activity of ciliated
epithelium lining the tubes; implantation in uterus normally occurs after 6 days

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49
Q

what is the uterine tube held in place by?

A

Held in place by the mesosalpinx (mesentery of the Fallopian tube) of
the broad ligament

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50
Q

diagram of Uterine Tubes

A
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51
Q

what are the Ovaries?

A

Paired organs, size of unshelled almond found in
upper pelvic region

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52
Q

where do the ovaries get blood from?

A

Blood supply: ovarian artery from abdominal aorta

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53
Q

where is venous drainage in the ovaries?

A

Venous drainage: ovarian veins –> IVC

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54
Q

what ligaments are the ovaries held in place by?

A

Held in place by several ligaments
– ovarian ligament: anchors ovary
medially to the uterus
– suspensory ligament: anchors
ovary laterally to pelvic wall
– mesovarium: fold of peritoneum
that suspends the ovary (part of
the broad ligament) *does not
actually cover the ovaries

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55
Q

what are the Ovarian anatomy parts?

A

– germinal epithelium is the
simple epithelial covering over the
ovary –visceral peritoneum (not
pictured)
– tunica albuginea is capsule of
dense connective tissue
– cortex is the region just deep to
tunica, contains structures called
follicles (follicles contain oocytes
in various stages of development,
surrounded by supporting cells)
– medulla is the deeper region
composed of connective tissue,
blood vessels and lymphatics

56
Q

what are the Follicular Stages? (diagram)

A
57
Q

phases of Oogenesis (diagram)

A
58
Q

Oogenesis diagram #2

A
59
Q

what is the Female Sexual Response?

A

Tactile and psychological stimuli mediated by autonomic
pathways promote sexual excitement.
* During sexual excitement
– vaginal mucosa, vestibule, and breasts become engorged with
blood
– clitoris and nipples become erect and increased activity of
vaginal mucosa and vestibular glands lubricates vestibule

60
Q

what is an orgasm?

A

Orgasm refers to period during which women experience
intense feelings of pleasure without ejaculation
– Uterus experiences peristaltic waves of contraction, and cervix
pushes into vagina
* These activities may draw semen further into reproductive tract
* Unlike males, there is no refractory period (multiple orgasms can occur)
and conception is not dependent on orgasm

61
Q

what are Testes

A

male gonads. Paired organs located in
the scrotum

62
Q

where are testes located?

A

in scrotum

63
Q

what are the functions of testes?

A

– produce male gametes (sperm)
– secrete male sex hormone:
testosterone

64
Q

Accessory organs of male reproductive system include:

A

– Epididymis
– Vas (Ductus) deferens
– Seminal glands
– Prostate gland
– Bulbourethral glands

65
Q

Male Reproductive System; external and internal genitalia.

A
  • External genitalia: penis and scrotum
  • Internal genitalia: everything else
66
Q

what is the The Scrotum?

A
  • Sac of skin and superficial fascia
    – Hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity
    – Contains paired testes
  • 3C lower than core body temperature
    – Lower temperature necessary for sperm production
67
Q

how is temperature of scrotum kept constant?

A

Temperature kept constant
by two sets of muscles
– Dartos muscle –
smooth muscle; wrinkles
scrotal skin; pulls scrotum
close to body
– Cremaster muscles –
bands of skeletal muscle
that elevate testes

68
Q

where do the testes get blood from?

A

Blood supply: Testicular
arteries from abdominal
aorta

69
Q

testes venous drainage

A

Venous Drainage:
Testicular veins drain
into pampiniform
venous plexus
surrounding each
testicular artery
– Cooler; absorb heat from
testicular arteries
– Keep testes cool

70
Q

what are the testes surrounded by?

A

Each surrounded by 2 tunics:
Tunica vaginalis – outer
layer derived from peritoneum
– Tunica albuginea – inner
layer; fibrous capsule

71
Q

what divides testes, it it also site of ….. production?

A
  • Septa divide testis into ~250
    lobules, each containing 1–4
    seminiferous tubules
    – site of sperm production
72
Q

Straight tubules function

A

collect
sperm from seminiferous
tubules

73
Q

Rete testis function

A

collect sperm from straight tubules

74
Q

Efferent ductules function

A

connect rete testis to the epididymis

75
Q

Seminiferous Tubules

A
  • Site of sperm production
  • Thick, stratified epithelium
    surrounding central fluidcontaining lumen
76
Q

what cells are included in the Seminiferous Tubules?

A

Myoid cells, Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells, Interstitial (Leydig) cells

77
Q

Myoid cells function and location

A

Myoid cells surround each tubule
* Squeeze sperm, testicular
fluids out of testes

78
Q

Sustentacular (Sertoli) cells function

A
  • Involved in spermatogenesis
  • Secrete androgen-binding
    protein (ABP
79
Q

Interstitial (Leydig) cells function and location

A

Interstitial (Leydig) cells
in soft tissue surrounding
seminiferous tubules
* Produce testosterone and other
androgens

80
Q

Spermatogenesis process diagram

A
81
Q

Spermatogenesis flowchart

A
82
Q

what is Epididymis?

A
  • Storehouse for sperm
  • 3 parts: head, body and tail
83
Q

Duct of the epididymis length

A

6m in length

84
Q

what absorbs testicular fluid?

A

– Microvilli (stereocilia) absorb
testicular fluid and pass
nutrients to stored sperm

85
Q

processes that occur in Epididymis

A
  • Non-motile sperm enter,
    become motile in couple of
    weeks; can be stored for
    several months
  • During ejaculation, epididymis
    contracts, expelling sperm into
    Ductus/Vas deferens
86
Q

what is Ductus/Vas Deferens?

A
  • Tube that transmits sperm to the urinary tract ~ 45 cm long for men
87
Q

location of Ductus/Vas Deferens

A
  • Leaves epididymis through the spermatic cord which passes
    through inguinal canal to pelvic cavity
  • Expands to form ampulla; joins duct of seminal vesicle to form
    ejaculatory duct (inside prostate)
88
Q

what are the Accessory male Glands

A
  • Seminal Vesicle/Glands
  • Prostate
  • Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands)
89
Q

where are the Seminal Vesicle/Glands?

A

male, On posterior bladder surface; smooth muscle contracts during ejaculation

90
Q

what does Seminal Vesicle/Gland produce

A

Produces viscous alkaline seminal fluid (~60-70% volume of semen)
* Fructose, citric acid, coagulating enzyme (vesiculase), and prostaglandins
* Yellow pigment fluoresces with UV light

91
Q

what joins to form ejaculatory duct?

A

– Duct of seminal gland joins ductus deferens to form ejaculatory duct.

92
Q

what is Prostate?

A

Encircles urethra inferior to bladder; size of peach
pit; smooth muscle contracts during ejaculation

93
Q

what does the prostate gland secrete?

A

Secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid (~1/3 semen
volume)
* citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
* Role in sperm activation
* Enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation

94
Q

what is Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands)?

A

Pea-sized glands inferior to prostate

95
Q

what does Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands) produce?

A

– Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
* Lubricate glans penis
* Neutralize traces of acidic urine in urethra

96
Q

what does the penis consist of?

A
  • glans (head of) penis
  • body (shaft)
  • root
97
Q

what is Glans (head of) penis?

A
  • External urethral orifice
  • Covered in Prepuce, or foreskin - cuff of loose skin
98
Q

what is Body (shaft) of penis?

A
  • Contains spongy urethra and three cylindrical bodies
    of erectile tissue (spongy network of connective
    tissue and smooth muscle with vascular spaces)
  • Corpus spongiosum - surrounds urethra and
    expands to form glans and bulb
  • Corpus cavernosum - paired dorsal erectile bodies
99
Q

what is the Root of the penis?

A
  • Crura - Proximal ends of corpus cavernosum
    surrounded by ischiocavernosus muscle; anchors
    penis to pubic arch
  • Bulb – Proximal end of the corpus spongiosum
100
Q

what is an erection?

A

erectile tissue fills with blood
blocking off veins causing penis to enlarge
and become rigid

101
Q

what is the purpose of Male Sexual Response?

A

To reproduce, sperm cells must travel deep into female
reproductive tract; sexual intercourse (copulation, or
coitus) is mechanism that optimizes chances of
fertilization

102
Q

what does male sexual response involve?

A

to be able to fertilise an egg sperm must travel deep into body.
* During sexual arousal, a parasympathetic reflex triggers
release of nitric oxide (NO) from blood vessel endothelial
cells; relaxes arteriole walls
– Arterioles dilate in blood sinuses in erectile tissue; allows for a large
volume of blood to enter tissue
– Increased blood flow and widening blood sinuses causes an erection

  • Ejaculation – process to expel semen from penis; under
    sympathetic nervous system control that occurs in two stages:
    – Emission – movement of sperm, testicular fluid, and prostate and
    seminal vesicle secretions into urethra
    – Expulsion – occurs as semen, sperm, and fluids from other regions of
    reproductive system accumulate in urethra
  • Generates sensory impulses that are processed in sacral portion of spinal
    cord
  • Motor neurons from spinal cord stimulate rhythmic contraction of skeletal
    muscles at base of penis; elicits expulsion of semen from urethra
  • Orgasm – time period during which feelings of pleasure are
    experienced; coincides with ejaculation
    – Resolution, or relaxation, follows orgasm and ejaculation; blood vessels
    in erectile tissue and blood sinuses constrict, forcing blood out of penis
    – A refractory period, or latent period, occurs after ejaculation that varies
    in duration, where a man cannot achieve another orgasm
103
Q

what is Semen?

A

Milky-white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
– 2 - 5 ml semen ejaculated, contains 20 - 150 million sperm/mL

104
Q

what does semen contain?

A

Contains fructose for ATP production; protects and activates
sperm; facilitates sperm movement

105
Q

is semen acidic or alkaline?

A

Alkaline –> neutralizes acidity of male urethra and female
vagina –> enhanced motility

106
Q

biological and hormonal effect of semen ?

A
  • Prostaglandins decrease viscosity of mucus in cervix; stimulate
    reverse peristalsis in uterus
  • Hormone relaxin, enzymes  sperm motility
  • Contains ATP for energy
  • Suppresses female immune response
  • Antibacterial action
  • Clotting factors coagulate semen initially to prevent draining
    out; then liquefied by fibrinolysin  sperm begin journey
107
Q

what is Sexually transmitted infections (STI) or sexually transmitted diseases (STD) (venereal disease)?

A
  • group of infections
    caused by a number of different bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are spread through sexual contact.
  • Most common cause of reproductive
    disorders
  • Often cause infertility in adults and
    deformities or possibly death of foetuses
108
Q

what are Bacterial STIs caused by?

A

Bacterial are caused by pathogenic bacteria;
invade tissues and cause an inflammatory
reaction

109
Q

what is Chlamydia?

A

Chlamydia – caused by bacterium Chlamydia
trachomatis; typically asymptomatic
* painful urination, pain in pelvic region and testes, and
vaginal or penile discharge
* blindness in newborns
* can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); can
lead to infertility

110
Q

what is gonorrhea?

A

Gonorrhea (“the clap”) – caused by bacterium
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
* painful urination and penile discharge
* women may experience painful urination and vaginal
bleeding
* If left untreated in women, gonorrhea can lead to PID and
blindness in newborns

111
Q

what is Syphilis?

A
  • Syphilis – caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum
    – causes a small painless lesion called a chancre
    – pink rash all over body; fever and joint pain
    – Symptoms can come and go for years
    – can produce destructive brain lesions and damages
    cardiovascular organs, bones, and joints; may be fatal
112
Q

what are Viral STIs?

A

Viral infections – caused by small nonliving viruses
that take over cellular organelles responsible for protein
synthesis; generate new copies of themselves that can
be released to infect new cells:

113
Q

what is genital warts?

A

Genital warts: human papillomavirus (HPV) – genital
warts are caused by over 40 different
types of HPV
– Warts appear on penis, perineum,
or anus in males and on cervix,
vaginal wall, perineum, or anus in
females
– Several strains of HPV increase risk
of developing cervical cancer in women

114
Q

what is genital herpes?

A
  • Genital herpes – usually caused by herpes
    simplex virus type 2
    – Many individuals infected with herpes are
    asymptomatic while individuals of both genders
    suffer with extremely painful blisters on external
    genitalia, thighs, and buttocks
    – Disease is easily
    transmissible when
    these blisters are
    present (as virus is
    actively shedding) if
    there is direct
    skin-to-skin contact
115
Q

Which of the following statements about myoid cells is true?

A

They surround the seminiferous tubules and contract rhythmically to squeeze sperm and testicular fluid through the tubules out of the testes.

116
Q

Which cell type is actually ovulated from the ovary?

A

Secondary oocytes are ovulated from the ovary ~ every 28 days.

117
Q

The usual site of fertilisation is the __________.

A

uterine tube

118
Q

The reason why the testes are suspended in the scrotum is __________.

A

.
to provide for a cooler temperature (3°C lower than core body temperature) which is necessary for optimal sperm production.

119
Q

The basic difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis is that __________.

A

One mature ovum is produced in oogenesis, and four mature sperm are produced in spermatogenesis.

120
Q

The surge in Luteinising Hormone (LH) that occurs during the middle of the ovarian cycle triggers __________.

A

ovulation

121
Q

The organ that makes oestrogen and progesterone is the __________.

A

ovary

122
Q

Within the ovary, progesterone is produced by the __________.

A

corpus luteum

123
Q

Sperm are produced in the __________.

A

seminiferous tubules

124
Q

Which represents the correct cascade of reproductive hormones in males?

A

GnRH, LH/FSH, testosterone, inhibin

125
Q
A

a: Fallopian/uterine tube
b: labia minora
c: labia majora
d: fimbriae
e: ovary
f: uterus
g: vagina

126
Q

Which is the most correct sequence of sperm flow in the male duct system?

A

seminiferous tubules, epididymis, vas deferens, ampulla, ejaculatory duct, urethra

127
Q

The muscular wall of the uterus is called the __________.

A

myometrium

128
Q
A

a: Vas deferens/Ductus Deferens
b: Testicular artery
c: Pampiniform plexus
d: Epididymis
e: Testis
f: Seminal vesicle
g: Prostate gland
h: Scrotum

129
Q

Which of the following structures passes through the inguinal canal?

A

the spermatic cord

130
Q
A

a: myometrium
b: clitoris
c: endometrium
d: cervix
e: vagina

131
Q

The primary sex organs of the female are/is __________.

A

the ovaries

132
Q

The primary sex organ of the male is the __________.

A

testes

133
Q

Which male structure is homologous to the female’s clitoris?

A

penis

134
Q
A

a: prostate gland
b: corpus cavernosum
c: ejaculatory duct
d: corpus spongisosum

135
Q
A

HAP 2 (11 decks)

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