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HAP 2 > week 7 > Flashcards

week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the Accessory Organs of Digestion

A
  • liver
  • Gallbladder
  • Pancreas
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2
Q

function of liver

A

– Many functions but only digestive function is bile production
* Bile - detergent-like fat emulsifier

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3
Q

Gallbladder function

A

Concentrates and
stores bil

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4
Q

Pancreas function

A

– exocrine function:
produces pancreatic
juice
– endocrine function:
produces hormones
that control bloodglucose levels

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5
Q

label this diagram

A
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6
Q

where is Liver located?

A

Located below
diaphragm in upper
right abdomen

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7
Q

what is liver composed of?

A

Liver is composed
of four lobes: right
and left (separated
by the falciform
ligament), caudate
and quadrate
(back)

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8
Q

what does falciform ligament do

A

Falciform ligament
suspends the liver
from the diaphragm

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9
Q

label this diagram

A
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10
Q

label this diagram

A
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11
Q

what is glycogenesis,

A

Turning glucose into
glycogen (for storage)

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12
Q

what is glycogenolysis

A

Turning glycogen
into glucose (for fuel)

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13
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

Creating glucose from
non-carbs (for fuel)

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14
Q

functions of the liver

A

Carbohydrate metabolism (maintenance of blood glucose
level: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis)
* Lipid metabolism(synthesis of lipoproteins and cholesterol)
* Protein metabolism (conversion of one amino acid into
another, synthesis of plasma proteins such as albumin and
blood clotting factors)
* Processing of drugs and hormones (detoxifying)
* Processing and excretion of bilirubin (breakdown product
of haemoglobin) into bile
* Synthesis of bile acids (needed for digestion of lipids)
* Storage (glycogen, iron, vitamins A, B12, D, E, K)
* Phagocytosis (via Kupffer cells)
* Activation of vitamin D taken in food (together with
kidneys)

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15
Q

what are the Microscopic Anatomical features of the liver

A

liver lobules and portal triad

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16
Q

what are liver lobules

A

– Hexagonal structural and functional units

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17
Q

what are liver lobules composed of

A

– Composed of plates of hepatocytes (liver cells)

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18
Q

function of plates of hepatocytes (liver cells)

A
  • Filter and process nutrient-rich blood
  • intertwined with sinusoidal capillaries and
    bile canaliculi
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19
Q

where is Central vein in longitudinal axis found

A

in liver lobules

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20
Q

where are portal triads found?

A

at each corner of liver lobule

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21
Q

portal triad contains…..

A

– Branch of hepatic artery
– Branch of hepatic portal vein brings nutrient-rich blood
– Bile duct receives bile from bile canaliculi

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22
Q

Branch of hepatic artery function

A

brings oxygen-rich blood

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23
Q

Branch of hepatic portal vein function

A

sends nutrient-rich blood from the gastrointestinal tract and spleen to the liver, but also delivers toxins to the liver

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24
Q

Bile duct function

A

receives bile from bile canaliculi

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25
Q

Liver receives blood from:

A
  • hepatic portal vein
    bringing nutrient-rich blood
    from stomach/spleen and
    intestines
  • hepatic artery bringing
    oxygen-rich blood
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26
Q

liver blood flow
Blood from both …. …..
and …… ……. mixes in
…….. ………. capillaries
(liver sinusoids) and flows
towards the …….. vein in the
centre of the …….. ……….

A

Blood from both portal vein
and hepatic arteries mixes in
liver sinusoidal capillaries
(liver sinusoids) and flows
towards the central vein in the
centre of the liver lobule

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27
Q

blood flow in liver #2
…….. …….. join to form a
……. ……. ……. –> goes to
…….. –> …….. ………

A

Central veins join to form a
single hepatic vein —> goes to
IVC —> right atrium

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28
Q

Bloodflow in liver flowchart

A
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29
Q

Gall Bladder shape

A

pear shaped sac

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30
Q

Gall bladder location

A

located underneath right lobe
of liver

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31
Q

Gall bladder function

A

stores and concentrates bile

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32
Q

Bile flow from liver to gallbladder?

A

– bile from liver –>
right and left hepatic ducts –>
common hepatic duct –> cystic duct

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33
Q

Bile flow from gallbladder to
duodenum

A

– bile in gallbladder –> cystic duct
–> common bile duct –>
hepatopancreatic ampulla –>
duodenum

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34
Q

label this gallbladder diagram

A
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35
Q

how much Bile is produced by liver per day?

A

800 -1,000 mL/day is produced by the liver

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36
Q

ph of bile

A
  • pH is 7.6-8.6 (alkaline)
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37
Q

what is the composition of bile?

A

Composition: water, ions, bile acids, cholesterol, lecithin
(phospholipid), bile pigments (conjugated bilirubin)

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38
Q

function of bile

A

emulsification of large lipid globules by bile
acids and lecithin (mechanical digestion)  breaking them down into small globules to increase the surface for action of lipase enzymes (chemical digestion).

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39
Q

chemical composition of bile diagram

A
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40
Q

what gives faeces its brown colour

A

In the large intestine, bilirubin (from bile) is
converted into stercobilin which gives faeces
its brown colour

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41
Q

how much bile acid is reabsorbed? where do they go

A

80% of bile acids are reabsorbed in the
terminal ileum; they go back to the liver via the
portal vein and are re-excreted into the bile
(enterohepatic circulation)

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42
Q

how much bile acid is excreted and where does it go?

A

20% of the bile acids are excreted in the faeces
and this is the body’s only way of eliminating
excess cholesterol (liver synthesises new bile acids
from cholesterol to replace those lost in faeces)

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43
Q

what is the Pancreas

A

Mostly retroperitoneal organ, deep to the greater curvature of the
stomach

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44
Q

what are the main parts of the pancreas

A

Main parts: head, body and tail

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45
Q

pancreas function

A

the exocrince and endocrine parts of the pancreas both produce things.

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46
Q

what does Exocrine pancreas produce

A

glandular cells produce 1.2-1.5 L/day of digestive
pancreatic juice

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47
Q

Pancreatic juice is drained into the……..

A

Pancreatic juice is drained into the duodenum via the main pancreatic
duct and to some extent, the accessory duct

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48
Q

Pancreatic …… joins common ….. duct that comes from the ……
forming …… ……. that joins …….

A

Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct that comes from the liver
forming hepatopancreatic ampulla that joins duodenum

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49
Q

what does endocrine pancreas produce

A

pancreatic
islets contain cells that
produce hormones
glucagon and insulin (that
control blood glucose
level) which are released
into the bloodstream

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50
Q

label this diagram of pancreas

A
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51
Q

what is Pancreatic Juice composed of?

A

– water, salts and bicarbonate (hydrocarbonate) ions and digestive enzymes

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52
Q

how is pancreatic juice alkaline?

A

neutralises acidic gastric
juice in chyme, stops the action of pepsin; creates the
proper pH for pancreatic and intestinal digestive enzymes
(they would not work in acidic environment)

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53
Q

examples of digestive enzymes and their functions

A
  • pancreatic amylase –> carbohydrate starch breakdown
  • trypsin, chymotrypsin and procarboxypeptidase –> protein breakdown
  • pancreatic lipase –> most of triglyceride breakdown
  • deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease –> nucleic acids breakdown
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54
Q

steps of Release and Secretion of
Pancreatic Juice and Bile

A
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55
Q

specific organs are specialised for ………….

A

specific organs are specialised for digesting
different food types to provide nutrients

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56
Q

what is nutrient?

A
  • nutrient = food substance that promotes normal
    growth maintenance or repair of the body.
    – carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins
    and water (45-50 essential nutrients from diet)
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57
Q

specific enzymes ………

A

specific enzymes catalyse reactions to digest
food molecules to their basic building blocks

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58
Q

examples of specific enzymes

A

– carbohydrates –> simple sugars
– proteins –> amino acids
– fats –> fatty acids, glycerol and monoglycerides

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59
Q

what is Hydrolysis?

A

Water is added to nutrient molecules as they are
broken down by enzymes

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60
Q

Each hydrolysis reaction requires a …….

A

specific enzyme

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61
Q

Body uses …..L of water a day

A

Body uses 7-9L of water a day

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62
Q

role of water in digestion

A

Not only used in production of digestive juices and
food dilution but is also involved in the chemical
process itself

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63
Q

what are the 2 types of Neural Control of Digestion

A

Sympathetic (fight
or flight) and Parasympathetic
(rest and digest)

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64
Q

what happens in Sympathetic (fight
or flight) digestion

A

GIT: decreases
secretion and motility,
increases sphincter
closure

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65
Q

what happens in Parasympathetic
(rest and digest) digestion

A

GIT: increases
secretion and motility,
decreases sphincter
closure

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66
Q

diagram of neural controls of digestion

A
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67
Q

diagram of enzymes in digestion

A
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68
Q

how are carbohydrates chemically digested in the mouth and duodenum?

A
  • salivary and pancreatic amylase break down starch
    into maltose, maltotriose (disacchaarides and
    trisaccharides) and α-dextrins (oligosaccharides)
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69
Q

how are carbohydrates chemically digested in the small intestine?

A
  • intestinal lining brush-border enzymes; α-dextrinase,
    sucrase, lactase and maltase digest the
    oligosaccharides, trisaccharides and disaccharides into
    monosaccharides
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70
Q

Chemical digestion of carbohydrates diagram

A
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71
Q

Chemical digestion of proteins in stomach

A

HCl denatures and unfolds proteins preparing them for
easier chemical digestion, pepsin breaks proteins into
small peptides

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72
Q

Chemical digestion of proteins in Duodenum

A

pancreatic enzymes; trypsin, chymotrypsin and
carboxypeptidase continue breaking proteins into
small peptides

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73
Q

Chemical digestion of proteins in small intestine

A

various peptidase enzymes in intestinal lining brush
border finish digestion of peptides into amino acids

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74
Q

Chemical digestion of proteins diagram

A
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75
Q

Mechanical and Chemical digestion of lipids in Duodenum

A
  • emulsification by bile (physical/mechanical breakdown
    into smaller droplets)
  • pancreatic lipase (chemical digestion) splits lipids into
    fatty acids and monoglycerides (glycerol + 1 fatty acid)
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76
Q

Chemical digestion of nucleic acids in Duodenum

A
  • pancreatic ribonuclease digests RNA,
    deoxyribonuclease digests DNA into nucleotides
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77
Q

Chemical digestion of nucleic acids in small intestine

A
  • brush-border enzymes break down nucleotides into nitrogenous bases, pentose sugars and phosphates
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78
Q

Mechanical and Chemical digestion of lipids diagram

A
79
Q

Chemical digestion of nucleic acids

A
80
Q

how is Absorption in the Small Intestine achieved

A

Absorption can be achieved via simple diffusion,
facilitated diffusion, active transport and osmosis
(water) – across simple columnar epithelium

81
Q

What is normally absorbed in the Small Intestine?

A
  • What is normally absorbed:
    – monosaccharides
    – amino acids
    – monoglycerides, fatty acids (after absorption inside epithelial
    cells triglicerides are rebuilt and coated with protein to form
    chylomicrons which are passed into lymph)
    – electrolytes
    – vitamins (vitamin B12 requires intrinsic factor for its
    absorption)
    – water
82
Q

what are the steps of Absorption in the Small Intestine

A
  • Large fat globules are emulsified
    (physically/mechanically broken up into smaller
    fat droplets) by bile salts in the duodenum.

-Digestion of fat by the pancreatic enzyme,
lipase, yields free fatty acids and
monoglycerides. These then associate with bile
salts to form micelles which “ferry” them to the
intestinal mucosa.

  • Fatty acids and monoglycerides leaves micelles
    and diffuse in to epithelial cells. There they are
    recombined and packaged with other lipid
    substances and proteins to form chylomicrons.
  • Chylomicrons are extruded from the epithelial
    cells by exocytosis. The chylomicrons enter
    lymphatic lacteals. They are carried away from
    the intestine by lymph.
83
Q

Absorption in the Small Intestine diagram

A
84
Q

why do lipids need protein carriers?

A
  • Lipids are hydrophobic (water insoluble) so they need
    protein carriers for transport in blood
85
Q

what are lipoproteins

A

complexes of lipids and proteins in blood are called lipoproteins

86
Q

example of lipoproteins

A
  • chylomicrons
  • very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL)
  • low-density lipoproteins (LDL)
    – high-density lipoproteins (HDL)
87
Q

function of chylomicrons

A

used for transport of dietary lipids to
adipose tissue

88
Q

very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) function

A

made in liver to
transport triglycerides to all tissues; converted to LDLs after
removal of some triglycerides

89
Q

low-density lipoproteins (LDL) function

A

remnants of VLDL; carry
cholesterol to cells; after they give away cholesterol they are
repackaged into VLDL in the liver; as they are rich in
cholesterol they are often called “bad lipoproteins”

90
Q

high-density lipoproteins (HDL) function

A

remove excess
cholesterol from peripheral tissues and transport to liver for
disposal (“good lipoproteins”)

91
Q

diagram of lipoproteins

A
92
Q

Sources of cholesterol for the body=

A

Sources of cholesterol for the body are food (eggs,
dairy, meat) and synthesis in the liver (from
acetyl-CoA)

93
Q

reasons for elevated cholesterol

A

Elevated cholesterol in blood can be genetic but the
most common cause of is too much saturated fats
in food, not too much cholesterol in diet

94
Q

how can Good lipid profile in blood be accomplished

A

Good lipid profile in blood can be accomplished by
regular exercise, diet (watch cholesterol intake but
also saturated fats), avoiding smoking and
cholesterol-lowering medications (if needed)

95
Q

when does Absorptive state occur?

A

Absorptive state occurs after a meal when nutrients
are entering the bloodstream (lasts around 4 hours
per meal)

96
Q

what are the Events during Absorptive State

A
  • Glucose from carbohydrates is readily available for ATP
    production (about 50% of absorbed glucose)
    − The rest of glucose is converted to glycogen (10%) and
    triglycerides (40%)
    − Dietary lipids are stored in adipose tissue
    − Amino acids enter Krebs cycle or are converted to fatty
    acids
    − Amino acids which are not taken up by hepatocytes are
    used by other cells for synthesis of their proteins
    − The main regulating hormone is insulin: increases uptake
    of glucose and synthesis of glycogen, proteins and
    triglycerides
97
Q

Events during Post-Absorptive State

A
  • Absorption of nutrients from GI tract is complete and
    body must meet its needs without outside nutrients
  • Maintaining normal blood glucose level is a major
    challenge; glucose enters blood from 2 major sources
    – glycogen breakdown in liver (usually sufficient till next meal)
    – gluconeogenesis using amino acids and glycerol
  • Most body tissues switch to using fatty acids (from
    adipose tissue) for energy production
    – The only exceptions are brain and kidneys which must use
    glucose for their energy metabolism
98
Q

what are the main regulating hormone in Events during Post-Absorptive State?

A
  • Main regulating hormones: glucagon (glycogenolysis),
    adrenaline (glycogenolysis and lipolysis) and cortisol
    (gluconeogenesis)
99
Q

what is the main regulating hormone in events during absorptive state

A

The main regulating hormone is insulin: increases uptake
of glucose and synthesis of glycogen, proteins and
triglycerides

100
Q

what are the parts of Large Intestine

A

Parts: caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon,
descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum and anus

101
Q

colon positioning in large intestine

A

Ascending colon and descending colon are
retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum)
* Transverse colon and sigmoid colon are anchored via
mesocolons (transverse and sigmoid mesocolon)

102
Q

Unique features of large intestine

A

Unique features:
– teniae coli – three bands of longitudinal
smooth muscle in the wall
– haustrae – pocket like sacs caused by the
contractions of the teniae coli
– epiploic appendages – fat-filled pouches
of visceral peritoneum

103
Q

location of anal canal

A

Anal canal = last 2-3 cm of GI tract

104
Q

anatomy of large intestine diagram

A
105
Q
A
106
Q
A
107
Q

Mucosa of large intestine contains…

A
  • Mucosa of large intestine has no villi (only microvilli),
    absorptive cells and goblet cells (produce mucus)
108
Q

what are the processes in the large intestine

A

mechanical digestion and chemical processes and absorption or water etc

109
Q

what is mechanical digestion in the large intestine?

A

Mechanical digestion – slow peristaltic waves for
churning and mixing of the content

110
Q

what are the Chemical processes in the large intestine?

A

Chemical processes – bacterial fermentation of
undigested carbohydrates (into carbon dioxide and
methane gas), undigested proteins (into simpler
substances such as indoles -odour) and bilirubin from
bile into other pigments (stercobilin gives stool its colour)

111
Q

why is water absorbed in the large intestine

A

Absorption of water and some electrolytes forms solid
faeces (largely contains undigested materials such as
cellulose, but also numerous bacteria)

112
Q

how much fluid deposited into GI tract each day

A

Around 9 litres of fluid is
deposited into GI tract
each day from various
organs and ingestion

113
Q

how much fluid does small intestine reabsorb

A

Small intestine reabsorbs:
~8L

114
Q

how much fluid does large intestine reabsorb

A
  • Large intestine reabsorbs:
    ~900mL
115
Q

what process is water absorbed through in GI tract?

A

Absorption is by osmosis
through cell walls into
vascular capillaries inside
villi (SI) / microvilli (LI)

116
Q

diagram of absorption of water

A
117
Q

what is Defaecation?

A

Colonic peristaltic activity slowly moves faeces into rectum

118
Q

what is the process of defaecation?

A
  • When full, rectal stretch receptors signal parasympathetic
    centres in sacral spinal cord
  • Parasympathetic nerves contract muscles of rectum and
    relax internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle)
  • External anal
    sphincter skeletal
    muscle) is voluntarily
    controlled –
    defaecation can be
    postponed for some
    time
119
Q

diagram of defaecation

A
120
Q

what does too slow/inadequate secretions mean

A

insufficient nutrition

121
Q

what does too fast/excess secretions mean?

A

incomplete
digestion/absorption and mucosal damage

122
Q

what are Two types of controls of eating

A

– hormonal influences from the gut
– neural influences from the autonomic nervous system and
hypothalamus

123
Q

difference between Hunger and Appetite

A

– Hunger: desire for food in response to blood nutrient levels
* regulated by the hypothalamus
– Appetite: desire for food but is not related to the need for food
* influenced by hormones, emotional state, habits, etc.

124
Q

what is a Short-term regulation of food intake

A

– hormones
* stimulate hunger
* depress hunger
* produce eating and food seeking behaviours

125
Q

what is a Long-term regulation of food intake

A

– Leptin “energy expenditure hormone”
* hormone secreted by fat cells in response to increased body fat
mass
* protects against weight loss in times of nutritional deprivation
* acts of hypothalamus
– supresses potent appetite stimulant
– stimulates the expression of appetite suppressants

126
Q

On which organ would
you find the falciform
ligament?

A

the liver

127
Q

Which cells secrete
cholecystokinin and
secretin? Where would
you find these cells?

A

Enteroendocrine cells
Duodenum

128
Q

Identify structures
labelled A – D

A

A. Cystic duct
B. Major pancreatic duct
C. Common Bile duct
D. Body of pancreas

129
Q

What type of chemical
digestion occurs in the
large intestine?

A

Bacterial Fermentation

130
Q

What type of mechanical
digestion occurs in the
large intestine?

A

Peristalsis

131
Q

The pancreas is located
superior to the stomach
(TRUE/FALSE)

A

FALSE

132
Q

What is mechanical digestion?

A

The physical breakdown of foodstuffs.

133
Q

Where does mechanical digestion occur and which organs or processes play a role in this type of digestion?

A
  1. Mouth: Teeth and Tongue
  2. Stomach: Stomach walls (grind
    and churn foodstuffs)
  3. Duodenum (small intestine): Bile
    from Gallbladder
  4. Jejunum and Ileum (small
    intestine): intestinal walls
    (segmentation)
  5. Large Intestine: intestinal walls
    (slow peristaltic waves)
134
Q

What is chemical digestion?

A

The chemical breakdown of
foodstuffs, with enzymes and
acids

135
Q

Where does chemical digestion occur and which
organs or processes play a role in this
type of digestion?

A
  1. Mouth: Digestive enzymes
    produced in salivary glands (ask
    students to name the 3 salivary
    glands)
  2. Stomach: Digestive enzymes
    produced by gastric mucosa, acids
    produced by gastric mucosa
  3. Duodenum (small intestine):
    Digestive enzymes from pancreas
  4. Jejunum and Ileum (small
    intestine): Digestive enzymes
    produced by the intestinal brush
    border (ask them to describe the
    brush border)
  5. Large Intestine: bacterial fermentation
136
Q

What is the ultimate goal of mechanical and chemical digestion?

A

To break down large foodstuffs to their smallest building blocks, so that the body
can absorb them.

137
Q

What is the vital molecule required for optimal mechanical and chemical digestion? How
much does the body use per day for digestion? And does the body reabsorb this molecule
at any stage?

A

Water. 7-9 L per day. Yes, it reabsorbs absorbs around 98% (mostly in
the small intestine)

138
Q

what are the Basic Building Blocks of Carbohydrates?

A

Simple sugars such as Galactose, Glucose and Fructose

139
Q

what are the Basic Building Blocks of proteins?

A

Amino acids, some dipeptides and tripeptides

140
Q

what are the Basic Building Blocks of lipids?

A

Monoglycerides, triglycerides and fatty acids

141
Q

what are the Basic Building Blocks of nucleic acids?

A

Pentose sugars, Nitrogenous bases and
phosphate ions

142
Q

Absorption in the small intestine can be achieved by:

A

Simple diffusion,
Facilitated diffusion, Active Transport and Osmosis.

143
Q

In the intestines, do all nutrients get absorbed into the blood?

A

No, most fatty acids are absorbed into lacteals, which are lymph vessels.

144
Q

What are lipoproteins? What are some examples of Lipoproteins and their
function?

A

Lipids are hydrophobic (water insoluble) so they need protein carriers for
transport in blood; complexes of lipids and proteins in blood are called
lipoproteins: Here are some examples of lipoproteins.
* chylomicrons – used for transport of dietary lipids to adipose tissue
* very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) – made in liver to transport
triglycerides to all tissues; converted to LDLs after removal of some
triglycerides
* low-density lipoproteins (LDL) – remnants of VLDL; carry cholesterol to
cells; after they give away cholesterol they are repackaged into VLDL in the
liver; as they are rich in cholesterol they are often called “bad lipoproteins”
* high-density lipoproteins (HDL) – remove excess cholesterol from
peripheral tissues and transport to liver for disposal (“good lipoproteins”)

145
Q

Where does the nutrient-rich blood from the intestines eventually lead to?

A

It eventually leads to the liver, via the portal vein.

146
Q

Label this diagram

A
147
Q

LABEL THIS

A
148
Q

) What is a portal triad? Where are they located?

A

Bile duct, portal venule, portal
arteriole. At each corner of the liver lobules.

149
Q

Which vessels bring deoxygenated, nutrient rich-blood to the liver lobule? Where
did this blood come from?

A

Portal venules. This blood has come from the portal
vein (blood from gut).

150
Q

Which vessels bring oxygenated, nutrient-poor blood to the liver lobule? Where did
this blood come from?

A

Portal arterioles. This blood has come from the hepatic
arteries which come from the celiac trunk, from the abdominal aorta.

151
Q

Which vessels do bile salts and bicarbonate drain into? Where do they eventually
lead?

A

? Bile ducts, eventually lead into the gallbladder.

152
Q

What are the liver cells that absorb nutrients called?

A

Hepatocytes

153
Q

How is the deoxygenated, nutrient-rich blood delivered to these cells?

A

Via liver
sinusoids (remember sinusoids are extremely leaky capillaries)

154
Q

) Once the liver cells absorb the nutrients, where does the deoxygenated, nutrientpoor blood drain? Where does this blood go?

A

? This blood drains into the central
vein, which eventually leads back into the IVC via hepatic veins.

155
Q
A
156
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

Store and concentrate bile

157
Q

What is bile? What is its function?

A

water, ions, bile acids, cholesterol, lecithin (phospholipid), bile pigments (conjugated
bilirubin)

158
Q

c) Is bile involved in mechanical or chemical digestion?

A

Mechanical – by physically separating larger fat globules into small fat globules.

159
Q

d) What would be the result if the opening of the gall bladder was blocked?

A

no bile emulsifying fats in duodenum, makes it more difficult for lipases to break fats
down further for reabsorption  fatty diarrhoea

160
Q

Can an individual survive without a gall bladder?

A

Yes, they may have to have a reduced fat diet and take oral lipase tablets to assist
with fat digestion.

161
Q

) What is the pancreas’ exocrine function?

A

To make pancreatic juice with digestive enzymes

162
Q

What is pancreatic juice? What are the important constituents of pancreatic juice?

A

water, salts and bicarbonate (hydrocarbonate) ions
pancreatic juice is alkaline  neutralises acidic gastric juice in chyme, stops the action of pepsin;
creates the proper pH for pancreatic and intestinal digestive enzymes (they would not work in acidic
environment)
digestive enzymes
pancreatic amylase  carbohydrate starch breakdown
trypsin, chymotrypsin and procarboxypeptidase  protein breakdown
pancreatic lipase  most of triglyceride breakdown
deoxyribonuclease and ribonuclease  nucleic acids breakdown

163
Q

What is the pancreas’ endocrine function?

A

pancreatic islets contain cells that produce hormones

164
Q

) Specifically what does the pancreas release into the bloodstream?

A

glucagon and insulin (that control blood glucose level) which are released into the
bloodstream

165
Q
A
165
Q

What is the primary
movement type in the large
intestine?

A

Peristalsis

166
Q

Which anal sphincter is
voluntary?

A

External

167
Q
A
168
Q
A
169
Q
A
170
Q
A
171
Q
A
172
Q
A
173
Q
A
174
Q
A
175
Q
A
176
Q
A
177
Q

true/false. Chylomicrons, very low-density lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins are involved in transporting hydrophilic (water insoluble) lipids around the body.

A

false

178
Q

The main regulating hormones that are involved in the post-absorptive state are:

A

the main regulating hormones during the post-absorptive state: glucagon (for glycogenolysis), adrenaline (for glycogenolysis and lipolysis) and cortisol (for gluconeogenesis).

179
Q

What substances from different organs would mix together at the Hepatopancreatic ampulla?

A

bile and pancreatic enzymes

180
Q

In the GIT, the majority of water reabsorption occurs in the:

A

small intestine

181
Q

The final product of carbohydrate digestion is __________.

A

monosaccharides

182
Q

In the gastrointestinal tract, the parasympathetic nervous system______________.

A

decreases gluconeogenesis, increases tone and mobility, and decreases sphincter closure

183
Q

Which of the following is a characteristic of the large intestine?
a.
It contains a large number of bacteria.

b.
It has villi.

c.
It is the site for acid neutralisation.

d.
It provides no absorptive function.

e.
It is longer than the small intestine.

A

You are incorrect.
The large intestine contains a large amount of bacteria which functions to further breakdown digested material

184
Q

In order to prevent self-digestion of the pancreas, activation of pancreatic proteases occurs in the __________.

A

duodenum

185
Q

true/false. The sympathetic nervous system decreases tone, secretion and motility, and increases sphincter closure in the GIT.

A

True

186
Q
A

a. common hepatic duct
b. cystic duct
c. main pancreatic duct
d. head of pancreas
e. Ampulla of Vater/Hepatopancreatic ampulla

187
Q
A

a. transverse colon
b. ascending colon
c. caecum
d. descending colon
e. sigmoid colon

188
Q
A

a. right lobe of liver
b. ascending colon
c. caecum
d. appendix
e. descending colon
f. rectum

189
Q

What are the main tribituraries of the portal vein?

A

The Superior mesenteric vein, Inferior mesenteric vein and the Splenic vein are the main tributaries of the portal vein.
The portal vein receives the oxygen poor, nutrient rich blood from the digestive tract and transports it to the liver.

190
Q
A

a. inferior vena cava
b. left lobe of liver
c. falciform ligament
d. right lobe of liver
e. caudate lobe
f. hepatic vein
g. cystic duct
h. right hepatic duct
i. gall bladder

191
Q

This vessel supplies oxygenated blood to many structures, including; the liver, stomach and spleen.

A

Celiac Trunk

192
Q

Which artery supplies the jejunum, ileum and the ascending colon? Where does this artery arise from?

A

.
Superior Mesenteric Artery from the Abdominal Aorta

193
Q

What is the functional unit of the liver?

A

A liver lobule

HAP 2 (11 decks)

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