week 3 Flashcards
what are the Functions of the Respiratory System?
- Warming, humidification and
filtration of air (nasal cavity) - Defence against airborne
pathogens (lymphoid tissue in
respiratory tract) - Phonation (larynx)
- Gaseous Exchange (lungs
and muscles of respiration) - Acid-Base Balance (lungs)
– covered in more detail in
Acid/Base balance lecture
what is Gas Exchange?
Respiratory System is designed for gas
exchange between air and blood
* During metabolism, all cells in the body require a
continuous supply of oxygen (O2)
* As the cells use O2 they give off carbon dioxide (CO2)
* Cardiovascular system transports blood gases from
the lungs tissues and from the tissues lungs
* The failure to supply O2 to cells leads to hypoxia (
cell death)
* General and local hypoxia can lead to many serious
conditions e.g. gangrene, brain ischemia (stroke) and
myocardial infarction, etc.
what are the 4 Respiration Processes?
Four processes:
1. Pulmonary ventilation
- movement of air into the lungs
- movement of air out of the lungs
2. External respiration
- movement of O2: lungs blood
- movement of CO2: blood lungs
1 and 2 occur in respiratory system
3. Transport of respiratory gases
- transport of O2: blood body tissues
- transport of CO2: body tissues blood
4. Internal respiration
- movement of O2: blood tissue cells
- movement of CO2: tissue cells blood
2 and 3 occur in cardiovascular system
Basic Anatomy of respiratory system. point out structures in diagram. *Nose
* Nasal cavity
* Paranasal
sinuses
* Pharynx
* Larynx
* Trachea
* Bronchial Tree
* Lungs, Alveoli
and Pleurae
what are the Respiratory system divisions according to structure:
- upper respiratory tract
– nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx - lower respiratory tract
– larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
what are the Respiratory system divisions according to function:
- conducting zone
– conduct gas to exchange sites
– includes all macroscopic respiratory structures - respiratory zone
– site of gas exchange
– microscopic structures: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
what is the nasal cavity?
The nasal cavity is a large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. Kind of like an external nose that provides protection
what are the 2 parts of nasal cavity?
-divided into 2 compartments/cavities (L & R) by the nasal septum, known as fossae. Each cavity is the continuation of one of the two nostrils.
Function of nasal septum and what does it consist of
nasal septum consists of the vomer bone, perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone and septal cartilage and The nasal septum divides the cavity into two cavities, also known as fossae. Each cavity is the continuation of one of the two nostrils.
what is the anterior opening?
anterior opening = nasal vestibule (with coarse hairs and glands)
what is the post opening?
post opening = post nasal aperture
what bones form the roof and floor of nasal cavity/nose?
- ethmoid and sphenoid bones form the roof
- hard and soft palate forms the floor
what does the nasal cavity involve?
contains:
– mucosa (wall lining)
– sinuses (air-filled spaces in skull)
– conchae (bony shelves)
– meatuses (spaces underneath the
bony shelves)
– hairs (found in the nostrils)
– blood vessels
– nerves
what structures are on this diagram?
Nasal Cavity
what anatomical structures are responsible for sense of smell?
olfactory nerves (CN1) protrude through cribriform plate –> olfactory epithelium which are found on the roof of the nasal cavity
what is the conchae and its function?
The conchae are structures made of bone inside of your nose., on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity. They help control the airflow into your nose. They also clean and warm air that you’ve inhaled so that it’s ready to go to your lungs for respiration. It consists of superior, middle and inferior parts. ↑ Increases respiratory mucosal area and enhances air turbulence
what is Respiratory Mucosa and its function?
- lines most of the nasal cavity
- has sensory nerve endings to trigger sneezing
- ## has rich vasculature which warms air
what is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium?
the type of respiratory epithelium found in the linings of the trachea as well as other respiratory tract, which allows filtering and humidification of incoming air. help trap and transport particles brought in through the nasal passages and lungs. containing mucus-producing
cells (i.e. goblet cells) and enzymesecreting cells (i.e. lysozyme, defensins)
* mucus moistens air and traps dust
* cilia move mucus towards pharynx
(clearance)
what are Paranasal Sinuses and function?
*air-filled cavities in cranial
bones (lighten the skull)
* found in frontal, ethmoid,
sphenoid and maxillary
bones
* lined with respiratory
mucosa (secrete mucus)
* drain into the nasal cavity
* act as resonance
chambers for speech
* susceptible to infections
- sinusitis = blocked sinus openings = fluid build up.
label diagram
Paranasal Sinuses
what is Pharynx and function?
- Connects nasal cavity –> larynx and oral cavity –> oesophagus
- passageway for air and food
- Acts as a resonating chamber for speech production
- 3 subdivisions: Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
- Contain tonsils (immune function), pharyngeal (adenoids), tubal,
lingual and palatine
(Waldeyer’s ring).
label diagram
Pharynx
what is Nasopharynx and contents?
- post. nasal aperture to soft palate (lined with pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
contains:
-pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) - opening for the pharyngotympanic tube (old name Eustation/Auditory tube) which links the nasopharynx to the middle ear (hence ‘tympanic’), pressure equalisation and mucus drainage
- tubal tonsils
enlargement of pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) can lead to….
loud snoring or sleep disturbances
what is Oropharynx and contents?
- soft palate to epiglottis (lined with
stratified squamous epithelium)
contains: - palatine tonsils
- lingual tonsils
what is Laryngopharynx and contents?
epiglottis to cricoid cartilage of larynx and beginning of oesophagus (lined
with stratified squamous epithelium)
what is the larynx
A cartilaginous chamber that connects the laryngopharynx to
the trachea (wind pipe)
larynx functions
Three functions: passageway for air, involved in voice production and prevents food and fluids from entering the lower respiratory tract
what is the larynx composed of?
Composed of 9 cartilages connected by fibrous membranes and ligaments and 3 pairs of internal folds
label the diagram
larynx
label the diagram
larynx
label the diagram
larynx
what are the Cartilages in larynx?
-thyroid cartilage: forms prominence (Adam’s apple)
- epiglottic cartilage: leaf-shaped, bends to cover the opening of the
larynx as the larynx moves upward during swallowing
- cricoid cartilage: ring-shaped, attached to the top of the trachea
- arytenoid, cuneiform and corniculate cartilages (paired): form the lateral and posterior walls of the larynx. The most important of these are the arytenoid cartilages, which anchor the vocal folds
what are the ligaments in larynx?
- thyrohyoid membrane: between the thyroid cartilage and hyoid bone
- cricothyroid ligament: between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages
- cricotracheal ligament: between the cricoid and tracheal cartilages
what are the Folds of the larynx?
vocal cords (true vocal cords/folds) and vestibular folds (false vocal cords/folds)
what are the vocal cords (true vocal cords/folds)?
*contain elastic connective tissue
* attached to the arytenoid cartilages and the thyroid cartilages
* the opening between the folds is called the glottis
* folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs
* controlled by small intrinsic muscles that pull on the arytenoid
cartilages causing them to pivot –> abduction and adduction of the
vocal folds changes the size of the glottis
what are the vestibular folds (false vocal cords/folds) ?
- superior to the vocal cords
- no part in sound production
- help to close the glottis during
swallowing and breath holding
label this diagram
larynx
how is speech produced
- The intrinsic muscles alter the cartilage positions relative
to each other (lat. and post. cricoarytenoid muscles). They are controlled by recurrent laryngeal nerve (br. of Vagus
n. = CN10) - speech = intermittent release of expired air while
opening and closing glottis - pitch is determined by length and tension of vocal folds
- loudness depends upon force of expired air
- nasal, sinus and pharyngeal chambers amplify and
enhance sound quality - sound is shaped into language by muscles of pharynx,
tongue, soft palate and lips
what is the Trachea
- tube running from larynx
to the mediastinum - conducts air to and from
lungs (no gas exchange) - 12 cm long and 2 cm in
diameter
what does the Trachea contain?
- contains 16 to 20
incomplete C-shaped
cartilage rings (closed by
trachealis muscle) - divides inferiorly into 2
main bronchi (to enter the
lungs) ~ carina - inside is lined columnar
epithelium with cilia and
goblet cells which prevents foreign bodies from entering lungs by moving mucus/trapped
particles upwards -“mucociliary escalator
Bronchial Tree full view
what does the Bronchial Tree consist of ?
Primary bronchi (main)(L & R)
– supply each lung (L & R)
* Secondary bronchi (lobar)
– supply each lobe of the lung (3 in
R lung and 2 in L lung)
* Tertiary bronchi (segmental)
– supply each bronchopulmonary
segment
* bronchi are lined by simple
columnar epithelium with cilia
and goblet cells for mucus
production
– “mucociliary escalator”
what are these 3 circles?
these are the structures that branch of bronchial tree and trachea.
in bronchial tree what Cartilage changes occur?
Cartilage changes
* cartilage rings to cartilage
plates to no cartilage
in bronchial tree what Epitheliel changes occur?
Epitheliel changes
* pseudostratified columnar to
simple columnar (cilia) to
cuboidal, and goblet cells
become sparse
in bronchial tree what muscular changes occur?
Muscular changes
* smooth muscle increases
Lungs location
*housed in the
thoracic
cavity
* protected by
the ribs
* right lung ~ 3
lobes (S, M, I)
* left lung ~ 2
lobes (S, I)
label diagram
what are Pleural Membranes?
- The pleurae form a thin, double layered serous epithelial membrane
what does the Pleural Membranes consist of?
- parietal layer: lines the inside of the thoracic cavity and upper surface of
the diaphragm (outer) - sensory innervation –> pain
- visceral layer: covers the
lungs on all sides (inner) - no sensory innervation
- small (potential) space
between them is called the
pleural cavity - filled with a small amount of
pleural fluid for lubrication
and friction reduction - visceral and parietal layers are
normally very close to each
other due to the intrapleural
pressure (pressure in pleural cavity) being
less than the intrapulmonary
pressure (pressure in lungs)