Week 9 Flashcards
What is the circulatory system?
organ system transporting oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients etc
What is the cardiovascular system made up of?
- heart
- blood vessels aka arteries, veins, capillaries
- blood
- lymphatic system
what is the lymphatic system?
network of tissues, vessels and organs working together to move lymph back into circulatory system
what is the pulmonary circulation?
oxygen depleted blood passes from heart to lungs
returns oxygenated blood to heart
what is the systemic circulation?
oxygen rich blood passes from heart to lungs
returns deoxygenated blood to heart
what are the boundaries of the superior mediatinum?
T1
superior manubrium (chest wall)
sternal angle
T4/5
What is in the superior mediastinum?
thymus
aortic artery
pulmonary artery
what are the boundaries of the inferior mediastinum?
sternal angle
skeletal muscle of diaphragm
what is in the anterior portion of the inferior mediastinum?
fat and some thymus
what is in the middle portion of the inferior mediastinum?
heart
what is in the posterior portion of the inferior mediastinum?
aorta
oesophagus
function of trabeculae in heart?
increase flow and contractility of blood and heart
what is the endocardium?
the iner layer of the heart
2 layers of pericardium?
fibrous and serous
function of fibrous pericardium? problem with this?
tough outer layer anchoring heaart to diaphragm
prevents rapid overfilling of heart
can restrict if theres an accumulation of fluid aka pericardial effusion compressing the heart, especially in right side reducing cardiac output
function of serous pericardium? 2 layers?
helps lubricate heart
inner visceral and outer parietal
function of serous fluid?
reduces friction of layers during beating of heart
function of superior vena cava?
takes deoxygenated blood from head and neck and upper limbs to RA
function of inferior vena cava?
takes deoxygenated blood from below level of heart e.g. abdomen, pelvis, lower limbs to RA
pathway of blood from SVC and IVC?
Right atria then right ventricles, to pulmonary valve then pulmnary trunk then to lungs via pulmonary arteries
Where does oxygenated blood from lungs pass to?
pulmonary veins then to LA then mitral valve then LV then aorta then several other blood vessels
Function of coronary arteries?
first branch of aorta
pass blood to heart muscle
function of braciocephalic trunk?
passes blood to right subclavian artery and right carotid artery
first branch of aorta
function of right carotid artery?
supplies head and neck with blood
function of right subclavian artery?
supplies right upper limb
function of ductus venosus? how much blood is taken to IVC here?
allows maetrnal blood to bypass fetal liver to go to IVC
30%
what does the ductus venosus become at birth?
ligamentum venosum
function of foramen ovale?
allows blood to flow between the right and left atrium
function of ductus arteriosus
links pulmonary trunk with aorta to allow blood to flow into systemic circulation of fetus
prevents blood going to non breathing lungs in utero
function of umbiical arteries
carry deoxygenated blood back to placneta
what is 70% of maternal blood used in fetus?
liver
what is the fossa ovalis?
embryological remenant of forman ovale
function of aortic sinuses and location?
above aortic valve
3 of these, 2 from left and right coronary arteries
give rise to coronary arteries
significance of right atrial appendage?
additional part of right atrium
site for external pacemaker to be positioned
where is crista terminalis, function?
at opening of right atrial appendage
site of origin for pectinate muscles
function of pentinate muscles?
allow strecth in RA and improve volume capacity
what is the orifice of the coronary sinus?
where venous blood from heart enters
function of pulmonary veins?
carry oxygenated blood to left atrium
which heart chamber is thicker?
left as it has to pump blood through systemic circulation
what are trabeculae carnae?
rounded muscular collumns in heart ventricles
contraction pulls on chordae tendinae
what happens when you have atrial or ventricular septal defects?
present at birth
holes between ventricles or atria
small holes close themselfs
compromise lungs and heart by increasing BP
may require surgery
what are symptoms of atrio ventricular septal defect? requires?
breathing problems
heart racing
cyanosed
tired easily
surgery
which heart valve is tricuspid?
right between atria and ventricles
which heart vakve is bicuspid?
left between LA and LV
what are chordae tendinae?
heart strings connecting to papillary muscles
prevent mitral and tricuspid valves flipping back into atria during ventricular contraction
WHat arteries supply heart muscle?
coronary arteries
Which coronary arteries does left coronary arteries give rise to?
circumflex artery
anterior and posterior interventricular arteries
what arteries does right coronary artery give rise to?
marginal artery
name the cardiac veins?
small anterior cardiac veins
small cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
great cardiac vein
where do blood from the heart drain into right atrium?
coronary sinus
what are end arteries?
supply oxygenated blood to specific portion of tissue
where are end arteries found?
spleen
liver
intestines
ends of digits
ears
nose
penis
what happens if end arteries are blocked?
heart attack
what is ischaemia, what can it cause? what does it present with?
reduction in blood oxygen
colateral circulation develops
angina
what is colateral ciruclation?
new blood vessel growth to pass around area of reduced blood supply
what is infarction?
death of a tissue due to a lack of blood supply
which coronary arteries are usually affected by infarction?
anterior interventricular branch of LCA 40-50%
RCA 30-40%
circumflex branch of LCA 15-20%
what can be used in a coronary artery bypass graft?
saphenous vein (longest vein in body)
internal mammary artery
internal thoracic artery
what is the pacemaker of the heart? how? what does this mean?
sinoatrial node
generates electrical signals
controls heart rate
what is the moderator band of the heart?
allows more rapid contraction across to anterior papillary muscle
helps with conduction times
what are purkinje fibres and their functions?
specialised conducting fibres
create contraction across ventricles
maintain regular heart rate
what is the pathway of nerve impulses in the heart?
pass from Sinoatrial node to atrioventricular node
pass down interventricular septum through atrioventricular bundle
through walls of left and right ventricles
then into purkinje fibres
what makes up the upper respiratory tract?
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
what makes up the lower respiratory tract?
trachea
primary bronchi
lungs
functions of the respiratory tract?
conducts air (warms and humidifies)
respiration (gas exchange)
mucus protects against pathogens
what is the nasopharynx?
base of skull to soft palate
what is oropharynx?
soft palate to epiglottis
what is the laryngopharynx?
epiglottis to where bifurcation occurs to oesophagus and trachea
difference between right and left bronchus?
right - vertical, greater diameter and short so foreign body more likely to go here. Right has superior, middle and inferior lobe bronchus
Left - has suberior and inferior lobe bronchus
what type of epithelia is respiratory epithelium?
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
what is lamina propira?
thin layer of connective tissue forming part of mucus membrane
function of brush cells in bronchi?
can detect bacteria proteins
what is different in each level of bronchi?
epithelium type
what happens in type I pneumocytes?
gas exchange
what is secreted by type II pneumocytes? function?
surfactant
increases lung compliance/expandability and prevents atelectasis/collapse of lungs at end of expiration
when is surfactant produced?
weeks 24-28
how many lobes are in each lung?
left - 2
right - 3
what is contained in the hilum?
bronchus
pulmonary arteries
veins
what does the base of the lungs join with?
diaphragm
what does the costal urface of lungs connect to?
ribs
what 2 fissures exist in right lung?
horizontal fissure
oblique fissure
what fissure exists in left lung?
oblique fissure
what 3 lobes are in right lung?
superior, middle, inferior lobe
what is a drug?
chemical entity altering body function
prevents or treats disease
features of small molecule drugs?
synthetic and chemical derived
low molecular weight
simple structure
stable
cheap
how do drugs work?
drug must get to site of action
bunds to target/receptor
exhibits required response
what are biologics drugs? what disease are they involved in?
recombitant processes
target soecific
side effects
expensive
autoimmune disease
example of biologic drug and how it works?
etanercept
recombitant antibody molecule blocks TNF alpha
treats autoimmune disease
what is a drug target?
macromolecular component of a cell where a drug interacts to produce a response
what are drug targets usually and what do they change?
usually a protien
change activity of cellular enzymes
what may happen to cellular enzymes when drug interacts with protein?
inhibited or activated
what siganl acts on ligand gated ion channels? where?
neurotransmitters in nerve or muscle cell
when is suxamethonium used and how..?
used in anaesthesia as a muscle relaxant
binds to acethycholine receptor at neuromuscular junction
depolarisation occurs
which molecule do catecholamines activate?
b adrenoreceptors
activates adenylyl cyclase
actuvates camp
what is bisoprolol used for? which type of drug id it? how does it work? speed?
heart conditions
beta blocker
blocks stimulation of b1 receptors , which would usually increase heart rate
seconds to minutes
what are targets for peptide hormones in protein kinase inhibitors involved in? how long does this take…
cell growth and differentiatiin
release of inflammatory mediators
hours
where are cytosolic receptors foind? what do they do?
inside the cell
regulate dna trabscription and protein synthesis
hours to days
4 mechanisms of drug action?
ligand gated ion channels
gpcrs
protein kinase receptors
cytosolic receptors
what is prednisolone used for? which type of drug is it?
allergies
corticosteroid
inhibits inflammation
slow process
Role of the lungs?
Bring in oxygen rich air to the body
Expel waste gas produced from cells in the body
What process is movement in and out the lungs coupled with?
Cellular respiration
Which type of homeostasis does breathing maintain?
Blood gas homeostasis
What is the partial pressure of oxyegn at rest?
100mm hg
What is the partial pressure of carbon dioxode at rest?
40mm Hg
How many liters of ventilation happens in the lungs at rest per minute, how many breaths?
6L/min
12
500ml/breath
How many mls carbon dioxide expired and oxygen consumer per minute?
250ml/min consumed
200ml/min expired
What is the barometric pressure?
Sea level atmospheric pressure
760 mmHg
How do you work out the partial pressure of a gas?
Fraction of gas in gas mixture x barometric pressure
What is the water vapour partial pressure at body temperature?
47mmHg
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in the trachea?
150mmHg
WhT is the primary muscle for respiration?
Diaphragm
What happens to the disphragm and exteranl intercostals in quiet breathing?
Inspiration: active
Diaphragm contracts downwards and pishes abdominal contents outwards
External intercostals pull ribs upwards and outwards
Expiration: passive
Elastic recoil
What happens in inspiration in strenuous breathinf?
Greater contraction of diaphragm (10cm compared to 1cm in quiet) and external intercostals
Inspiratory accessory muscles active e.g. sternocleidomadtoud, alae nasi, genioglossus
What happens in expiration in strenuous breathing?
Abdominal muscles active
Internal intercostals oppose external by pushing ribs down and inwards
What is pleural pressure?
Pressure between albeolar lining and chest wall
What is transpulmonary pressure?
Difference in pressure between pleural and alveolar pressure
What is alveolar pressure?
Pressure within alveolar sacs
What is the alveolar pressure at the start of inspiration?
The same as barometric pressure
What increases when inspiratory muscles contract? What decreases?
Thoracic volume
Transpulomary pressure
Alveolar volume
pleural pressure decreases
Alveolar pressure decreases below barometric pressure
Where does air flow into in inspiration? From which pressure?
Alveoli
From high to low pressure
How does inspiration end?
Muscles stop contracting
Thorax and alveoli stop expanding
What happens in expirstion?
Thoracic volume decreases
Pleural pressure increases
Transpulmonary pressure decreases
Alveolar pressure becomes greater than barometric pressure
Function of the nasal cavities?
Filters warms and humidifies air
Detects smells
Function of the pharynx?
Conducts air to larynx
Function of larynx?
Protects opening to trachea
Contains vocal cords
Function of trachea? What jeeps the airway open?
Filters air
Traps particles in mucus
Cartilages keep airway ipen
Functions of bronchi?
Filters air
Traps paritcles in mucus
Fucntion of alveoli?
Act as sites of gas exchange between air and blood
Function of upper airways?
Consucts air to lungs
Humidifies air - saturates with water
Warms to body temp
Filter
How do upper airways filter air?
Inhaled particles stick to mucus
Mucus move to mouth by beating cilia
Function of coughing?
Protective reflex gets rid if offending material
What receptors activate the cough reflex?
Rapidly adapting pulmonary strech receptors in epithelium of respiratory tract
What are RARs activated by?
Dust
Smoke
Amnonia
Odeoma
What are RARs afferents of?
Vagus nerve
How is afferent information from RARs sent to brain?
Via vagus nerve
describe the cough reflex
- stimulation of rapidly adapting pulmonary strecth receptors by irratant e.g. dust
- afferent information sent via vagus nerve to brain
- brain sends information to diaphragm via phrenic nerve
- external intercostals induce strong contraction
- air rushes into lungs
- abdominal muscles contract to induce expiration
- glottis opens to forcefully expel air and irritants