Week 5 Flashcards
(251 cards)
1
Q
What is a joint?
A
Place where 2 or more bones make contact
2
Q
3 classifications of joints?
A
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
3
Q
What is a fibrous jount? Example?
A
Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
Sutures
4
Q
What is a cartilaginous joint? Example?
A
Bones joined by cartilage
IVDs
5
Q
What is a synovial joint? Example? Purpose?
A
Bones not directly joined
Shoulder joint
Allows movement
6
Q
3 classifications of movement in joints?
A
Synarythoris
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
7
Q
What is synarthrosis, example?
A
No movement
Sutures
Gomphosis - teeth
8
Q
What is amphiarthrosis, example?
A
Little movement
Pubic symphysis
distal tibiofibular
9
Q
What is diarthrosis, example?
A
Free movement
synovial joints
10
Q
Give classifications and examples of uniaxial synovial joints.
A
Pivot, hinge, plane (gliding)
elbow, alantoaxial, acromioclavicular
11
Q
Give classifications and examples of biaxial synovial joints.
A
Condyloid, saddle
Metacarphophalangeal, capometacarpal
12
Q
Give classifications and examples of multiiaxial synovial joints.
A
ball and socket
hip
13
Q
What causes an increased risk of osteoarthritis?
A
overuse of joints
obesity
prior RA/gout
obesity
family history
14
Q
3 types of muscle tissue?
A
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
15
Q
Describe skeletal muscle?
A
voluntary
most large muscles
striated
tires easily
16
Q
Describe cardiac muscle?
A
involuntary
walls of heart and aorta/vena cava
striated
doesnt tire easily
17
Q
Describe smooth muscle?
A
involuntary
walls of hollow viscera e.g. digestive organs, blood vessels, iris
unstriated
doesnt tire easily
18
Q
Some functions of the muscular system?
A
Locomotion
Respiration
Circulation
Digestion
Urination
Vision
19
Q
What are muscles composed of?
A
Muscle fibres grouped into fascicles
20
Q
What do fascicles form?
A
Heads or bellies of muscles
21
Q
What are muscles connected to bone or other structures by?
A
tendons (round ) or an aponeurosis (flat sheet of fibrous tissue)
22
Q
What does a muscles range of movement depend on?
A
Length of fibre
23
Q
How much can muscles contract by of their lenght?
A
30%
24
Q
What does the strength of a muscle depend on?
A
number of fibres
25
What are flat muscles, example?
parallel fibres with aponeurosis
external obliquw
26
What are pennate muscles, example?
Feather like
uni - digitorum longus
bi - rectus femoris
multi - deltoid
27
What are fusiform muscles, example?
spindle shaped with thick bellt and tapered ends
biceps brachii
28
What are convergent muscles, example?
Broad area converges to single tendon
pectoralis major
29
What are quadrate muscles, example?
four equal sides
rectus abdominis
30
What are circular muscles, example?
Surround body opening/orifice
oribicularis occuli
31
Where is biceps brachii origins?
long head - supraglenoid tubercle
short head - coracoid process
32
Where does the biceps brachii insert?
radial tuberosity
33
What is the movement of biceps brachii?
flexion of shoulder and elbow
supinatesforearm
34
Layers of the body?
skin
subcutaneous tissue
deep fascia
muscle
35
Function of deep fascia?
forms compartments seperating muscles
36
Function of extrinsic back muscles?
act on structures outside of the back
37
Function of intrinsic back muscles?
act on structures within the back
38
What are extrinsic back muscles innervated by?
Anterior rami of spinal nerves
39
What are intrinsic rami innervated by?
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
40
Origins of trapezius?
superior nuchal line
nuchal ligament
c7-t12 spinous process
41
Insertion of descending trapezius?
lateral third of clavicle
42
insertion of horizontal trapezius?
acromion of scapula
43
insertion of ascending trapezius?
spine of scapula
44
action of descending trapezius on shoulder girdle?
descending: keeps shoulder up e.g. carrying heavy bags
tilts scapula for arm elevation
45
action of horizontal and ascending trapezius on shoulder girdle?
pull scapula towards midline
46
action of descending trapezius on head and neck?
when shoulders fixed:
moving head to one side - unilateral action
moving head back - bilateral action
47
Action of trapezius on vertebral collumn?
flattens thoracic kyphosis - bilaterally
48
What nerve supplies the trapezius?
cranial nerve XI accessory
49
Which 2 muscles allow tilting of scapula and therefore lifting of arm?
serratus anterior
trapezius
50
origins of latissimus dorsi?
spinous process t7-t12
thoraco-lumbar aponeurosis
dorsal sacrum surface
dorsal 1/3 of iliac crest
51
additional origins of latissimus dorsi?
10-12th ribs
inferior angle of scapula
52
insertion of latissimus dorsi?
humerus - floor of intertubercular sulcus
53
Latissimus dorsi action on arm?
adduction (brings arm to midline)
extension (moves arm backwards)
54
Latissimus dorsi action on trunk?
elevation when arms fixed on bar (pull up)
55
Latissimus dorsi action on shoulder girdle?
depression
pulls scapula medially
56
Which nerve supplies the latissimus dorsi?
Thoraco-dorsal from BP
57
What is the origin of rhomboid minor?
spinous process of c6-c7
58
What is the origin of rhomboid major?
spinous process of t1-t4
59
What is the insertion of rhomboid minor?
root of scapular spine
60
What is the insertion of rhomboid major?
below scapular spine
61
Where does rhomboid insert overall?
medial margin of scapula
62
Action of rhomboid on shoulder girdle?
retracts scapula - pulls scapula closer to spine
lowers shoulder
fixes scapula to trunk
63
What does failure of fixing scapula to trunk result in?
Wing scapula
64
What other muscle with rhomboid fixes scapula to trunk?
serratus anterior
65
Which nerve supplies rhomboid?
dorsal scapular from BP
66
Attachments of levator scapulae?
c1-c4 transverse processes
scapula superior angle
67
Levator scapular action on shoulder girdle?
elevates scapula
rotates glenoid inferiorly
68
What does rotating glenoid inferiorly do?
allows arm to drop
69
Levator scapulae action on vertebral collumn?
fixed shoulder girdle: extends neck (moves head back)
70
Levator scapulae nerve supply?
dorsal scapular nerve from BP
71
What is extracellular matrix?
non cellular component present in all tissues and organs
72
2 types of ecm?
Interstitial connective tissue matrix
Basement membrane
73
Function of the interstitial connective tissue matrix?
surrounds cells
provides structural scaffolding for tissues
74
Function of basement membrane?
seperates epithelium from surrounding stroma
75
Where is ECM found?
bone
tendon
cartilage
eye
dermis
bm
76
Functions of ECM?
- mechanical and structural support
- tensile strength
- determines cellular microenvironment
77
How does ecm determine cellular microenvironemnt?
- anchors cells (cell-ecm junctions)
- paths for cellular migration e.g. wound repair
- sequesters growth factors
- residence for phagocytic cells
78
Which 5 macromolecules make up the acellular composition of ECM?
collagen
elastin
proteoglycans
hyaluronan
glycoproteins
79
How many types of collagens are there?
28
80
What is the structure of collagen?
3 collagen polypeptides form triple helix
81
What are 2 types of collagen formation?
fibrillar
sheet/network forming
82
Where is fibrillar collagen located? WHy?
skin/tendon/bone
strength
83
Where is sheet collagen found, why?
bm
support
84
Where is type I collagen found?
dermis
tendons
ligaments
bones
fibrocartilage
85
Where is type II collagen found?
hyaline cartilage
86
Where is type iii collagen found?
liver
bone marrow
lymphoid organs
granulation tissue
87
Where is type iv collagen found?
basement membrane
88
where is type v collagen found?
cornea
89
Where is elastin abundant?
tissues requiring stretch/recoil properties
90
What does assembly of elastin into functional fibres require?
fibrillin
91
What is fibrillin?
structural glycoprotein
92
Where is loose irregular connective tissue found?
lymphoid tissue
93
Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?
dermis
94
What is ground substance?
amorphous, gel like non fibrous substance surrounding cells
95
function of ground substance?
fills spaces between fibres and cells
good at absorbing water
resists compressive forces
96
what is the composition of ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans link together to form proteoglycans
97
What are glycodaminoglycans composed of?
repeated disaccharide units
98
name 4 glycosaminoglycans?
hyaluoran
chondroitin sulphate
keratan sulphate
heparan sulphate
99
where is hyaluroan primarily found?
synovial fluid
100
where are chondroitin sulphate amd keratan sulphate primarily found?
cartilage
101
where is heparan sulphate primarily found?
bm
102
Function of glycosaminoglycans?
enable matrices to withstand high compressive forces
103
what are proteoglycans composed of?
glycosaminoglycans and a protein core
104
Where is aggrecan found and which GAGs are found in it?
cartilage
chondrotin sulphate
keratan suphate
105
Where is perlecan found and which gags are found in it?
basement membrane
heparan sulphate
106
Name 4 proteoglycans
aggrecan
perlecan
syndecan
decorin
107
Where is decorin foud and what gags are found in it?
connective tissue - assembles ecm
chondrotin sulphate
dermatin sulphate
108
function of aggrecan?
aggregates cartilage
reacts with cartilage to provide tensile strength and resists deformation
109
name 3 glycoproteins?
fibrillin
fibronectin
laminin
110
function of fibrillin?
deposits and orientates elastin
111
function of fibronectin?
organises ecm
cell attachment to bm
112
function of laminin?
organises basement membrane
113
What binds to laminin in basement membrane?
integrin in hemidesmosome
114
what is collagen assembled as before cleavage and aggregation?
procollagen
115
why is collagen first assembled as procollagen?
prevents formation of very large fibres
116
what is elastin first synthesised as?
tropoelastin
117
which post translation modifications are done on collagen?
glycosylation
hydroxylation
118
What post translational modifications are done on elastin?
hydroxylation
119
3 stages of ecm remodelling?
deposition
modification
degreagation
120
What are consequences of hyperproliferation of fibroblasts in ecm synthesis?
excess ecm:
- tissue fibrosis
121
What happens when pathogens e.g. clostridium species are present in ecm remodelling?
produce collegenase
breaks down ecm, they get access to body, invade host
122
What happens when theres excess activation of ecm remodelling?
mmps break down collagen in basement membrane
tumor cell invasion occurs
123
3 results of deregulated ecm remodelling?
tissue fibrosis
invasion of host by bacteria
tumor cell invasion
124
4 things that make up basement membrane?
collagen iv
nidogen
perlecan
laminin
125
3 places to find basement membrane?
lines under epithelia/endothelium
surrounds muscle fibres, neurons, adipocytes
seperates 2 sheets of cells e.g. kidney glomerulus
126
Functions of basement membrane?
support
permits flow of nutrients
binds to connective tissue
127
What are 4 things that can occur when basement membrane is disordered?
cancer
diabetes mellitius
epidermolysis bullosa
goodpastures syndrome
128
How is cancer formed from bm disorder?
epithelial tumors become malignant when bm is breached
129
How is diabetes mellitus formed from bm disorder?
thickening of bm in glomerulus changes permability
130
How is epidermolysis bullosa formed from bm disorder?
attachment of epidermis to bm is disrupted
131
How is goodpastures formed from bm disorder?
autoantibodies to collagen iv destory bm in glomerulus and lung
causes lung bleeding and kidney failure
132
function of osteocalcin?
promotes mineralisation
133
How can you recognise osteoclasts?
large
multiple nuclei
ruffled border
134
How can you recognise osteoblasts?
single nuclei
135
How can you recognise osteocytes?
one nuclei
long cytoplasmic processes
136
what is cartilage synthesised by?
chondrocytes
137
which 3 gags are present in cartilage?
chondroitin sulphate
keratan sulphate
hyaluronic acid
138
what makes up cartilage?
aggrecan
hyaluronic acid
protein core
139
3 types of cartilage?
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
140
3 types of cartilage?
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
141
features of hyaline cartilage?
few collagen fibres
avascular
has perichondrium - not in articular cartilage
142
what is perichondrium?
connective tissue enveloping cartilage
not in joints
143
Where is hyaline cartilage found?
septum
larynx
tracheal rings
sternal ends of ribs
epiphyseal surfaces
articular surfaces
144
features of fibrocartilage?
abundant collagen fibres
avascular n
no perichondrium
145
where is fibrocartilage found?
ivds
sternoclavicular joint
pubic symphysis
146
features of elastic cartilage?
elastic fibres
avascular
perichondrium
147
where is elastic cartilage found?
external ear
epiglottis
auditory tube
148
imapact of cartilage being poorly vascularised#?
can take a while to heal when damaged
149
what happens when ecm is over degregated?
osteoarthritis
150
what happens when ecm is over produced?
fibrosis
151
what happens when elastin is mutated in ecm?
supravalcular aortic stenosis
arterial defects
heart valve narrowed
152
What syndrome is caused when fibrillin-1 is mutated?
marfan syndrome
153
What is marfan syndrome?
mutation in fibrillin
affects connective tissue
vision problems
heart/aortic defects
long and slender limbs, fingers and toes
154
What is arachnodacttyly?
abnormally long and slender limbs, fingers and toes
155
Which type of mutations are in marfan syndrome?
autosomal dominant
156
which stain stains elastin
van giesen - puple
157
what happens when collagen i is mutated in ecm?
elhers-danlos syndrome
158
what is elhers-danlos syndrome?
affects connective tissue
affects structure, production and function of collagen
hypermobility, stretchy and fragile skin
159
what happens when collagen iv is mutated in ecm?
alport syndrome
goodpastures disease
160
what is alport syndrome?
basement membrane is dysfunctional
blood and protein in urine, loss of kidney function
161
What is the ecm of bone?
osteoid
162
Structure of cells in skeletal muscle?
long and cylindrical
163
How quickly does each muscle type contract?
skeletal: very rapid
cardiac: medium speed
smooth: slow, wave like
164
Which cell type makes up cardiac muscle and why?
branching cells
allow faster signalling
165
What type of cells make up smooth muscle?
fusiform
166
Why is the body in a state of electrical disequilibrium? How?
Active transport of ions across cell membrane creates electrical gradient
Excess neg ions on inside, matching pos ions on outside
166
What is the law of conservation of change?
The net amount of electrical charge in a system is zero so body is electrically neutral
167
What is a conductor?
The material which seperated charges move towards each other
168
What is a conductor?
The material which seperated charges move towards each other
169
What is a conductor?
The material which seperated charges move towards each other
169
What is a conductor?
The material which seperated charges move towards each other
170
What is an insulator?
171
What is an insulator?
Material preventing movement of seperate charges
Cell membrane
172
What is an insulator? Example?
Material preventing movement of seperate charges
Cell membrane
173
What is needed to seperate charge?
energy
174
When does static electricity arise?
when electric charges are seperated
175
When are electrical gradients created?
when energy is inputted to transport ions across a membrane
176
What is a chemical gradient?
active transport of ions out of a cell
177
What is the resting membrane potential?
178
What is the resting membrane potential?
electrical gradient across the cell membrane
179
What is the resting membrane potential?
electrical gradient across the cell membrane
180
What is the resting membrane potential?
electrical gradient across the cell membrane
181
What is the resting membrane potential?
181
What is the resting membrane potential?
electrical gradient across the cell membrane
181
What is the resting membrane potential?
electrical gradient across the cell membrane
181
What is the resting membrane potential?
electrical gradient across the cell membrane
182
What does resting mean in resting membrane potential?
membrane potential is steady and not changing
183
What does potential mean in resting membrane potential?
electrical gradient created by active transport of ions is a source of potential energy
184
What does difference mean in resting membrane potential?
difference in electrical charge in and out of cell
185
What is used to measure the resting membrane potential and how, units?
voltmeter
measures difference in electrical charge between 2 points
milivolts
186
Which objects are used with voltmeters?
glass micropipettes filled with solutions to conduct charge
one put in cell and one in extracellularfluid
187
What is the ground when measuring resting membrane potential? What charge does it have?
extracellular fluid
has neutral charge
188
What is the resting membrane potential in nerves and muscle?
between -40 to -90 mV
189
How does k+ contribute to the resting membrane potential?
membran is more permeable to k+ ions
k+ leaks out of cell down conc gradient
negative buildup in cell as pr- cannot cross membrane
gradient formed
negative charges attract k+ ions back into cell down electrical gradient
net movement of k+ stops
190
What is the equilibrium potential?
membrane potential at which the electrical gradient opposes the chemical gradient
191
what is the equilibrium potential of potassium ?
-90 mV
192
When do k+ ions leak out of the cell?
electrical equilibrium, chemical disequilibrium
193
Which equations calculates equilibrium potential?
Nernst equation
194
What is the equilibrium potential of sodium?
60 mV
195
How much more permeable are cells to potassium than sodium
40x more
196
What is the normal resting membrane potential?
-70 mV
197
How much sodium is pumped out of the cell and how much potassium is pumped in?
3 out
2 in
198
Why is Na/K-ATPase known as an electrogenic pump?
helps maintain electrical gradient
199
Briefly describe muscle excitation.
Nerve impulse reaches neuromuscular junction
Acetycholine is released from the motor neuron
Acetycholine binds with receptors in muscle membrane to allow sodium ions to enter the muscle
Influx of sodium creates action potential in sarcolemma
Action potential travels down T tubule
Sarcoplasmic reticulum releases ca
Ca binds with troponin to move the troponin, tropomyosin complex
Binding sites in actin filament are exposed
200
What is the neuromuscular junction
synaptic connection between end of Motor neuron and muscle
201
What is sarcolemma?
cell membrane surrounding skeletal muscle fibre or cardiomyocyte
202
what is a motor unit?
all the muscle cells controlled by one nerve cell
203
what is the motor unit ratio in the back?
1:100
one nerve to 100 muscle cells
204
what is the motor unit ratio in the finger?
1:10
205
what is the motor unit ratio in the finger?
1:1
206
What is muscle tonus?
tightness of a muscle
207
what is muscle tetnay?
sustained contraction of a muscle
due to rapid succession of nerve impulses
208
4 stages of tetany?
twitch
wave summation
incomplete tetanus
complete tetanus
209
What is refractory period?
brief period of time in which muscle cells will not respond to a stimulus
210
Which tissue has a longer refractory period than skeletal muscle and why?
cardiac muscle to prevent it going into tetany
211
What are skeletal muscle fibres made up of?
myofibrils
212
what are sarcomeres?
functional unit of muscle fibre
213
what is the z line in muscles?
boundary of sarcomere
214
which filament in muscle is thick?
myosin
214
which filament in muscle is thin?
actin
215
Which 3 things compose an actin filament?
troponin complex
tropomyosin
g actin
216
what is the h band of sarcomere?
only myosin
217
what is the sarcomere I band?
only actin
218
what is the sarcomere a band?
actin and myosin
219
how are power strokes initiated in muscle?
myosin head attaches to actin filament to create cross bridge
myosin head bends to move the actin filament towards m line (power stroke) adp and pi also release
atp unhooks myosin head
atp split into ads and pi and myosin ready to attach to another filament
220
what covers actin binding sites when relaxed?
tropomyosin
221
How are actin binding sites uncovered from tropomyosin?
ca attaches to troponin
222
Where is calcium stored in muscles?
sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum
223
What generates atp in muscle?
mitochondria
224
What can creatine store? What does it become when interacting with this?
atp
creatine phosphate + adp
225
what is muscle fatigue?
lack of oxygen causes atp defecit
lactic acid builds up from anaerobic respiration
226
what is muscle atrophy? causes?
weakening/shrinking of muscle
immobilisation, loss of neural stimulation
227
what is muscle hypertrophy, causes?
enlargement of muscle
strenuous exercise, steroid hormone
228
what is isometric contraction?
produces no movement
standing, sitting, posture
229
what is isotonic contraction?
produces movement
walking, moving
230
Which 3 parts of the joint are affected in oa?
bone
articular cartilage
menisci
231
what is different about the joint in oa?
thickened capsule
cyst formation
synovial hypertrophy
osteophytes
fibrillated cartilage
232
2 parts of musculoskeletal tissue?
cellular component
ecm
233
what happens to articular cartilage in oa?
inc swelling
colour change
cartilage fibrillation (fraying/splitting)
cartilage erosion to subchondral bone
234
function of chondrocytes?
synthesise and maintain ecm
235
2 types of oa?
primary - degenerative disorder
secondary - trauma, infection, diabetes
236
oa risk factors?
age
genetics
gender (women)
low vit d
joint trauma
obesity
237
oa symptoms?
pain when moving
stiffness in morning improving in 30 mins
difficulty moving joints
238
diagnosis of oa?
pain
decreased walking distance
sleep disturbance
stiffness
239
what is seen on X-rays of oa?
joint space narrowing
osteophytes
subchondral sclerosis
cyst formation
240
what is subchondral sclerosis?
hardening of bone beneath cartilage surface
241
non operative oa treatment?
medication
physio
walking aids
joint injections
242
types of medication for oa?
paracetamol
nsaids
243
types of joint injectuions for oa?
corticosteroid - reduce inflammation around joints
viscous supplement - replace modified synovial fluid in joints to increase viscosity of fludi
244
types of surgery for oa?
arthroscopy
cartilage transplantation
joint replacement
245
how does joint replacement surgery work?
remove worn cartilage and replace with synthetic material
pain relief
