Week 11 Flashcards
What is the peritoneum and what does it line and cover?
Continuous serous membrane
Lines abdominal cavity
Covers abdominal organs
How many layers of mesothelium is in the peritoneum? What is between the layers?
2
potential space - peritoneal cavity
What is contained within the peritoneal cavity usually?
peritoneal fluid secreted by mesothelium
allows layers to slide over each other
functions of the peritoneum?
supports viscera
provides pathways for blood vessels and lymph to travel to and from the viscera
what are the 2 layers of the peritoneum?
parietal peritoneum
visceral peritoneum
what does the parietal peritoneum line?
internal surface of the abdominopelvic wall - closest to skin
where is the parietal peritoneum derived from?
somatic mesoderm in embryo
what is the parietal peritoneum nerve supply? what does this result in (pain)?
same somatic nerve supply as region of abdominal wall that it lines
pain is well localised
what is the parietal peritoneum sensitive to?
pressure
pain
laceration
temperature
where does the visceral peritoneum cover?
majority of abdominal viscera (organs) by invagination
what is visceral peritoneum derived from?
splanchnic mesoderm in embryo
what nerve supply does visceral peritoneum have? what does this mean?
same autonomic nerve supply as viscera it covers
pain is poorly locailsed
what is visceral peritoneum sensitive to?
sretch, chemical irritation
what is pain from the visceral peritoneum referred to? what are these supplied by?
dermatomes
same sensory ganglia and spinal cord segments as nerve fibres innervating viscera
what are intraperitoneal organs?
spleen
stomach
liver
what are retroperitoneal organs? what specific organs are thee?
not related to visceral peritoneum and only overs anterior aspect
oesophagus, rectum, kidneys, some duodenum, descending colon, pancreas, adrenal glands, proximal ureters, renal vascalature
where are kidneys found? what covers them?
T12-L3
ribs 11 and 12
why is the right kidney lower than the left?
liver displaces kidney
functions of kidney?
filters waste
produces urine
regulate blood pressure, ions, pH, osmolarity, volume, glucose level
which hormones does the kidney produce?
calcitrol
erythropoeitin
function of calcitrol?
raises blood calcium levels by increasing absorption from the gut, kidney, and simulation of release from bones
function of erythropoitin?
secreted in response to hypoxia or low blood glucose, increases RBCs
what is in the hilum of the kidney?
renal artery
renal vein
ureter
what is within the cortex of the kidney?
supporting tissue
glomeruli, bowmans capsule, convuluted tubules
what is the medulla of the kidneys function?
functional tissue - loop of henle and collecting tubules
renal pyramids
filtering and production of urine and passes urine to ureters
what are nephrons? composition?
functional unit
renal corpusle and tubules
what is the renal corpuscle composed of?
glomerulus and bowmans capsule
glomerulus structure and function?
network of capillaries
filters blood and passes it to bowmans capsule
bowmans capsule function?
collects blood from glomerulus and filters blood from afferent arteriole
4 steps in bowmans capsule?
filtration
reabsoprtion - into peritubular capillaries, useful subtsances taken back into body by efferent arteriole
secretion - filtration not taken up by efferent arterole put back into bowmans capsule
excretion - waste products taken to urinary bladder for excretion
what are the renal tubules composed of?
proximal convuluted tubule
loop of henle
distal convuluted tubule
what happens in PCT?
fluid passed to peritubular capillaries for resprption
rest of fluid passed to loop of henle
loop of henle function?
acts as concentration gradient for fluids and electrolytes
reabsorbs water
where does DCT pass to?
renal medulla then papillary duct then ureter
where is renal corpuscle mostly found?
cortex
function of interlobar arteries in kindyes?
supply renal lobes
what supplies the cortex of kidneys?
cortical blood vessels
how does blood get from medulla to ureter?
pyramids in medulla have papilla at tip
these form minor calyxys draining medullary pyramid which join to form major calyx
multiple major calyxs form renal pelvis which connects to ureter
what are arcuate blood vessels?
small blood vessels from interlobar arteries between cortex and medulla
function of psoas major?
muslce - helps with hip flexion
what is horseshoe kidney? when is it more common? what can it cause? why does this happen?
where 2 kidneys fuse at lower end of abdomen/upper pelvis in utero
more common in boys
lead to UTI
kidneys cant rise to where theyd usually be
what is a FAST scann used for? what type of scan is it?
ultrasound for identifying blood around abdominal organs
can identify blood or pus from infection
what is haemoperitoneum?
blood around abdominal organs
what is perisplenic?
blood around the spleen
what is the pouch of morrison?
potential space between kidney and liver
what are renal arteries branches of? where are they found?
branches of aorta
behind renal veins
where do renal veins drain into?
inferior vena cava
differences between R and L renal veins?
left is longer and lies over renal artery
function of phrenic veins?
drain the diaphragm
where do the R and L gonadal veins drain?
R - directly to IVC
L - left renal vein then IVC
what do suprarenal arteries supply?
suprarenal gland
adrenal gland
what type of mutation is polycystic kidney disease?
autosomal dominant
what does polycystic kidney disease cause any why?
renal failure
many cysts form in kidneys
high parencymal loss - nephrons
symptoms of polycystic kidney disease?
raised blood pressire
headaches
abdominal pain
function of ureters?
transport urine to bladder by peristalsis (contraction of smooth muscle)
what can ureters be blocked by? where?
kidney stones
pelvouteric junction
pelvic brim
trigone
where can ureters pass UTIs to?
kidneys
what is the trigone?
triangular area of bladdder where uteric orifices are superior and urethra is inferior
what muscle is the urinary bladder composed of?
detrusor smooth muscle
function of bladder?
stores urine and helps remove it from the body
why is the detrusor muslce orientared in many directions?
helps with contraction and relacation in expanding and shrinking dependent on amount of urine present
what is uretric meatus?
where ureters enter in bladder
why are male gonads external?
to regulate temperature
layers of the bladder?
detrusor muscle (external)
submucosa
lamina propira
transitional epithelium
vans deferens function?
connects testes to urethra to carry sperm out
what is the coat of the testes called?
tunica albugenia
what is the cremaster muscle?
striated muscle determining the height of the testes
contraction raises testes towards body
where do testes begin development? when do they descend into the scrotum?
in abdomen
in 7th month in utero
which 2 glands are in the testes?
exocrine - sperm cells
endocrine - testosterone
2 tunics of testes?
tunica vaginalis - outer
tunica albuginea - inner
how many lobules are in the tunica albuginea?
200-300
how many seminiferous tubules are in each testes lobule?
1-4
route of sperm transit in the testes?
seniniferous tubules
straight tubules
rete testes
efferrebt ductules
epididymis
where is sperm produced?
seminiferous tubules
immature
where do sperm cells mature?
epididymis
how much sperm is produced per day? how long do they live in the female tract?
60 million
48hrs
what is cryptorchidism? what happens if its bilateral? where is it mostly found?
maldescent of testes
infertility
3% full term infants
90& premature babies
what is route of where testes descend called?
internal inigual ring
3 places testes can be stuck?
abdominal
inigual
prescrotal
which 2 ways can testicular cancer be caused?
germ cell tumors 95%
sex cord stromal tumors 5%
what age is testicular cancer most prevalent?
men in 20s
what is a varicocoele caused by? appearance?
dilation of pampiniform venous plexus - varicose vein dilation
obstruction of testicular vein
bag of worms
what is a hydrocoele caused by? examination?
accumulation of fluid in tunica vaginalis
penslight examination = translucent scrotum
3 parts of male urethra?
prostatic
membranous
pendulous
parts of prostatic urthra?
urethral crest
urethra
prostatic utricle
sphincter urethrae
structure and function of urethral crest?
long fold in posterior wall of urethra
can stop passage of sperm into bladder
function of prostatic utricle?
origin of where vagina and uterus would have developed from
function of sphincter urethrae?
external sphincter controlling urine expulsion
voluntary
what is in the membranous urethra? function?
cowper glands
secrete glycoproteins in mucus during sexual arousal
lubrictaes urethra and penis
helps remove debris and dead cels
neutralises acidity in urethra
function of bulborethral glands?
produce glycoproteins
function of prostate gland?
biggest accessory gland
produces enzymes to break down proteins
maintains semen in fluid state
stops clotting of semen
where is prostate found?
inferior to bladder neck
above externak urethral sphincter
what can you feel when performing rectal exam? why is this important?
prostate
examining enlarged prostate - benign prostatic hyperplasia , prostatic cancer
function of pubis?
links hip bones
where is uterus usually found?
above and behind bladder
usually anteverted
4 ways uterus can sit?
anteverted (forward) and anteflexed (fundus forward relative to cervix)
retroflexed (fundus backwards)
retroverted (oriented backward)
function of fimbrae?
encourages eggs to move into uterine tube
function of round ligament?
maintains anteflexion of uterus (fundus forward)
function of broad ligament?
acts as mesentery
minor role in keeping uterus forward
function of suspensory ligament? where does it connect to?
contains blood supply of ovaries
connexts to anterior abdominal wall