Week 10: Gastrointestinal System Flashcards
what is the opening and termination of the alimentary cana/GI system?
opening - mouth
termination - anal canal
2 main roles of the digestive system?
digestion (processing food)
absorption (transfers nutrients to circultion)
2 groups of organs in the GI system?
digestive tract
accessory organs
name accessory organs of the GI system?
salivary glands
gallbladder
liver
pancreas
what secretions do the salivary glands produce?
serous/watery secretion
mixed seromucous secretion - mixed watery and mucus
mucous secretion
functions of saliva?
buffer mouth pH
protects surface of mouth and gut
antimicrobial action
maintains tooth structure
aids with taste
small amount of digestion help
function of gall bladder?
stores and concentrates bile
bile function?
fat digestion
where is bile produced?
liver
name the parts of the GI tract in order?
oral cavity
pharynx
oesophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
function of pharynx?
food and air passes through
where is the oesophagus found?
pharynx to stomach
passes behind heart and trachea
functions of the stomach?
churns food/drink
secretes acid and enzymes to begin digestion
what digestion does the saliva do?
amylase does starch digestion
3 parts of the small intestine?
duodenum
jejunum
ileum
which secretions are present in the duodenum? main function?
more digestion, less absorpion
secretions from pancreas
bile
how does the pancreas maintain an alkaline pH?
secretes bicarbonate rich fluids
where does undigested material from the ileum move into?
large intestine
name parts of the large intestine?
caecum
ascending, transverse and descending colon
rectum
anus
name the layers of the GI tract histology.
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis propira
adventitia
serosa
how is GI tract stained?
Haemotoxylin and eosin
what does the mucosa line?
cavities of body and surface of internal organs
what is the lamina propira? function? hat cells does it contain?
thin layer of loose connective tissue beneath epithelium
support and provudes nutrients for overlying epithelium
inflammatory cells
structure of muscularis mucosae?
smooth muscle
structure of submucosa? what cells does it contain?
dense irregular connective tissue
blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels
2 layers of muscularis propira? function?
inner circular muscle
outer longitudinal muscle
both smooth muscle
peristalsis - movement of food and products of digestion
what is adventitia?
outer layer of fibrous connective tissue surrounding an organ
oral cavity, upper end of oesophagus in chest, ascending/descending colon, rectum
what is serosa?
reduces friction in parts of GI tract without adventitia
what epithelia is in the oesophagus?
stratified squamous
where are glands found in the oesophagus?
submucosa
what epithelia is in the stomach onwards?
simple columnar
what glands are in mucosa of stomach?
gastric glands for stomach secretions
what are meissners and auerbachs plexus? where are they found?
nerve plexuses
m - submucosa
a - between circular and longitudinal muscle
why are villi in small intestine?
increase surface area
function of brunners glands in duodenum? where are they found?
secrete bicarbinate ions to neutralise acid from stomach
submucosa
function of peyers patches?
lymphoid follicles
prevent growth of dangerous bacteria
where are crypts found in small intestine?
jejunum
3 parts of pharynx?
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
epiglottis function?
elastic cartilage covering trachea preventing food entering lungs
what types of muscle are in each regions of the oesophagus?
upper 1/3 - skeletal
middle 1/3 - mixed
lower 1/3 - smooth
what are verticle lines of abdomen called?
mid clavicular lines
what is upper horizontal line of abdomen called?
subcostal line
what is lower horizontal line of abdomen called?
intertubercular line
what is in right hypochondrium of abdomen(1)?
liver
what is in the epigastric region of the abdomen (2)?
duodenum
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
stomach
what is in the left hypochondrium of the abdomen (3)?
spleen and stomach
what is in right lumbar (4) region of abdomen?
ascending colon
kidney
what is in umbilical region of abdomen (5)?
stomach
pancreas
duodenum
transverse colon
kidneys
what is in left lumbar region of abdomen (6)?
descending colon
left kidney
what is in right iliac fossa region of abdomen (7)?
caeceum
appensix
ascending colon
what is in hypogastrium region of abdomen (8)?
bladder
uterus
ileum
what is in left iliac fossa region of abdomen (9)?
sigmoid colon
descending colon
what is fundus of stomach?
where air collects
what is cardia in stomach?
next to heart
what is anterior and superior to the stomach?
lower ribs/diaphragm
liver
what attaches to the greater curvature of the stoach
fatty tissue/greater omentum
function of pyloric sphincter?
controls entry of secretions from stomach into duodenum
what is pyloric stenosis? what does it present with?
thickening/narrowing of pyloric sphincter
prevents chyme passing to duodenum
usually in newborns
projectile vomiting without bile
what breaks down ingestions in the stomach?
enzymes and hydrochloric acid
function of rugae in stomach?
folds of organ
help increase surface area
what is the 3 muscular layers in the stomach?
muscularis propira
oblique muscle layer
muscularis externa
function of muscular layers in stomach?
mix chyme together
function of endocrine cells?
produce gastrin
function of gastrin?
stimulates parietal cells to produce hydrochloric acid
what do chief cells produce?
pepsinogen
function of hydrochloric acid?
breaks down pepsinogen to pepsin
function of muscus in GI system?
protect mucosa
what common bile duct does the duodenum recieve?
sphincter of oddi
recieves bile and pancreatic fluid
where does the duodenum end?
duodenojejunal junction
what does the serosa hold the small intestine on to? what is it composed of?
hold to mesentery
2 layers of mesothelium
what is the mesentery?
organ attaching intestines to abdominal wall
what are plica?
folds in small intestine similar to rugae
2 broad functions of pancreas?
hormonal and digestive
what does the exocrine gland produce in pancreas? how much of pancreas does this make up?
99%
digestive enzymes to break down fat/carbs/protein
bicarbonate ions
what is the endocrine portion of pancreas called?
islets of langerhans
what 3 hormones does pancreas produce?
insulin
glucagon
somastostatin
function of insulin?
promotes glucose absorption from blood into liver, skeletal muscle and fat cells
allows conversion to glycogen e.g. storage of glucose
function of glucagon?
converts stored glycogen into glucose to help slow down digestive process
function of somastostatin?
reduces acid secretion
slows down digestive process
what is the largest gland of the body and heaviest of heart?
liver
how many lobes does the liver have?
4
what is the liver covered by?
lower ribs and costal cartilages
what colour is the liver?
red-brown
functions of liver?
- produces bile
- detoxifies and processes everything absorbed from GI tract
- regulates glucose in blood
- synthesises proteins e.g. clotting factors
- inactivates hormones and drugs and insulin
- drug metabolism
when can drug metabolism be negative to the liver?
when metabolis is more toxic than initial compound
what is the dual supply to the liver?
hepatic portal vein from gut and spleen
hepatic arteries
what provides oxygen to liver?
hepatic arteries
what carries bile from the liver to the gall bladder?
common heptic duct
what forms the extraheptic ducts?
intrahepatic ducts
function of caecum? where is it?
between ileum and ascending colon
reservoir for chyme
when can the caecum be palpated?
faeces
inflammation
pregnancy
what is the ileocaceal valve? where is it?
between ileum and caecum
prevents reflux of large bowel contents into ileum during peristalsis
when does the colon become sigmoid colon?
when it begins to turn medially
what is the hepatic flexure?
when colon meets right lobe of liver and turns 90 degrees - start of transverse colon
what is the splenic flexure?
when the colon turns 90 degrees to turn inferiorly
what is the taenia coli?
incomplee layers of longitudinal muscle
3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle outside of colon
what is haustra?
ring like circular muscle in inner muscular layer of colon
whar is appendice epiploicae?
pouches of peritoneum filled with fat mainly on transverse are sigmoid colon but not rectum
function of goblet cell in GI tract?
produce mucus
absorbs fluid from GI tact
3 main vessels of blood supplying GI tract?
coeliac trunk/foregut
superior mesenteric artery (midgut)
inferior mesenteric artery/hindgut
what does the foregut/coeliac trunk supply?
lower oesophagus
stomach
liver
spleen
first half of duodenum
what does the midgut/superior mesenteric artery supply?
last half of duodenum
jejunum
ileum
caecum
appendix
ascending colon
first half transverse colon
what does the hindgut/inferior mesenteric artery supply?
last 1/3 transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
what is portal venous drainage for?
gut and spleen
what drains the lower limb?
femoral veins
what drains the pelvis?
internal iliac veins
what drains the kidneys?
renal veins
what is the main vein draining the liver?
hepatic vein
what is dysphagia?
difficulty swallowing
what does too little nutrients cause?
malnutrition
what is in the eatwell guide?
5 portions fruit/veg a day
potatoes bread and carbohydrates
small amounts of oil and spreads
dairy
2 portions fish/week
little red and processed meat
beans and pulses
less often eat sweets/ice cream/chocolate
6-8 glasses water a day
function of carbohydrate in the diet? source?
energy source
bread, rice, pasta, cereal
function of protein in the diet? source?
repair/growth
meat, fish, dairy, lentils, nuts
function of fat in the diet? source?
long term energy store/insulation
meat, cheese, cream, fish, nuts
function of vitamins in the diet? source?
A - vision (liver, sweet potato)
B - vegetable
C - antioxidant (citrus)
D - calcium absorption (oily fish)
function of minerals in the diet? source?
ca - bone mineralisation (milk)
iron - oxygen transport (red meat)
potassium - banans
function of fibre in the diet? source?
effective bowel function
plants
what is triglycerides composed of?
glycerol + 3 fatty acids
90% of fat in diet
name 3 dietary fats?
triglycerides
phospholipids
cholesterol
function of cholestrol?
synthesises estrogen and testosterone and bile salts
present in plasma membreane
structure and function of phospholipids?
2 fatty acid chains and glycerol
in plasma membrane
sources of saturated dietary fats?
animal foods
meat fat
butter
cheese
cream
sources of unsaturated dietary fats?
planst
olive and rapeseed
nuts
sourcesof cholestrol?
plants and animals
dairy products
palm and coconut oil
how many essential amino acids are there? what does this mean?
9
cant be produced by the body and must be obtained from diet
sources of dietary protein?
meat
dairy
eggs
pulses
nuts
seeds
examples of monosaccharides?
glucose
fructose
galactose
name 3 disacharides?
sucrose
maltose
lactose
what is sucrose made from?
glucose and fructose
what is maltose made from?
glucose x 2
what is lactose made from?
glucose and galactose
what are disaccharides and polysaccharides joined by?
glycosidic bonds
name a polyaccharide and its composition?
starch
amylose and amylopectin
what is fibre made of?
cellulose from plant material
how much calories should men and women eat?
men - 2500 cal
women - 2000 cal