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MBChB1 Phase 1 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

=What are the three main functions of skin and examples?

A
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2
Q

What is peripheral circulation?

A

Transport of blood around the body allowing the exchange of nutrients in tissues

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3
Q

Label this diagram:

A
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4
Q

What is the function of the arrector pili?

A

Connected to hair follicle, when contracted causes hair to stand on end creating goosebumps

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5
Q

What is the eccrine gland?

A

Major sweat gland abundant in palms and soles.

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6
Q

What is the dermal papilla of the hair follicle?

A

Main source of blood for hair follicle, delivers oxygen/nutrients

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7
Q

What is the hair follicle composed of?

A

Several layers of epithelial cells

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8
Q

Four layers of the epidermis?

A

Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum and corneum.

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9
Q

What is the basement membrane composed of?

A

Extracellular matrix proteins.

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10
Q

S+F of stratum basale?

A

Cuboidal, mitotically active stem cells that regenerate other layers of epidermis.

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11
Q

Structure of stratum spinosum?

A

Layer of keratinocytes rich in desmosomes giving spiny appearance.

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12
Q

S+F of stratum granulosum?

A

Flattened cells contain keratohyalin granules which aggregate keratin filaments

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13
Q

Structure of stratum corneum?

A

Flattened cells that have lost their nuclei with keratin and lipids.

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14
Q

Function of lipids in epidermis?

A

Act as water barrier

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15
Q

Where is stratum lucidum found?

A

Only in thick skin e.g. soles of feet

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16
Q

How often is skin shed?

A

1x month

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17
Q

How is each layer of epidermis formed?

A

Daughter cells from basal layer migrate upwards and differentiate to form each layer

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18
Q

What changes in each layer of epidermis?

A

Type and amount of keratin produced

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19
Q

How many keratin types are there?

A

30

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20
Q

What is the structure of the dermis?

A

Connective tissue, fibroblasts and immune cells

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21
Q

What is connective tissue made up of?

A

Collagen type I, elastin and ground substance

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22
Q

Function of fibroblasts?

A

Produce collagen and elastin

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23
Q

What fibres allow stretch and what fibres allow tensile strength?

A

Stretch: elastin
Tensile: collagen

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24
Q

What are the structures of the two dermal layers?

A

Papillary: thinner and looser, fine collagen fibres, most blood vessels and nerves
Reticular: thicker stronger fibres

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25
Q

Functions of dermo-epidermal junction?

A
  • attachment of epidermis to dermis
  • aligns cells of epidermis
  • base for re-epithelialization in wound healing
  • barrier function to and from epidermis
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26
Q

Structure and function of subcutis?

A

Adipose tissue
Energy source, shock absorption, insulation

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27
Q

Function and location of meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Mechanoreceptors for touch, papillary dermis of hands and feet

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28
Q

Function and location of Pacinian corpuscles?

A

Detect deep pressure and vibration, subcutis

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29
Q

What are adnexal structures?

A

Hair, nails, glands

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30
Q

What are eccrine glands, location?

A

Sweat glands, everywhere except nails/lips

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31
Q

What are apocrine glands, location?

A

Scent glands, axillae and genitals

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32
Q

What are sebaceous glands, location?

A

Produce sebum, everywhere except palms/soles

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33
Q

What type of epthelium is the epidermis?

A

Stratified squamous keratinised

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34
Q

Function of keratinocytes?

A

Protection/barrier against foreign substances, vit D production

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35
Q

Function/location of merkel cell?

A

Strat basale, sensation

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36
Q

Function/location of langerhans cell?

A

Epidermis, denditic cell (antigen presentation/phagocytosis)

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37
Q

How do langerhans cell long processes aid function?

A

Help detect foreign antigens

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38
Q

Function of melanocyte?

A

Protects from radiation

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39
Q

Results of chronic UV exposure?

A

Loss of skin elasticity/fragility
Abnormal pigmentation
Wrinkles

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40
Q

How does melanocytes work with keratinocytes to protect cells from UV damage?

A

Melanin is transferred into keratinocytes via cytoplasmic processes and protects nucleus from UV damafe

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41
Q

What are three keratohyalin granules?

A

Profillagrin, involucrin, loricrin

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42
Q

Function of profilaggrin?

A

Converted to filaggrin which aggregates keratin into tight bundles

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43
Q

Function of involucrin?

A

Forms cell envelope around corneum cells

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44
Q

Function of loricrin?

A

Cross links to involucrin

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45
Q

Function of lymphocytes?

A

Immunosurveillance

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46
Q

Function of mast cells?

A

Produce inflammatory mediators e.g. histamine and chemotactic factors

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47
Q

Which molecules hydrate the dermis?

A

Proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans

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48
Q

What is a wound?

A

Breakdown in protective function of the skin, loss of epithlium continuity with/without loss of underlying connective tissue

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49
Q

What is an erosion injury?

A

Only epidermis lost

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50
Q

What is an ulceration injury?

A

Structures deep to epidermis

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51
Q

What is a partial thickness injury?

A

Epidermis and some dermis

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52
Q

What is a full thickness wound?

A

Epidermis, dermis and deeper structuresm only wound edge cells left

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53
Q

What cells are involved in wound healing?

A

Inflammatory cells, keratinocytes are replaced, fibroblasts, endothelial cells for angiogenesis

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54
Q

How long is each phase of wound healing?

A

Inflammation: 24-48 hrs
Proliferative: 4-21 days
Remodelling: several months

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55
Q

What happens in the inflammatory phase?

A

Platelets initiate hemostasis/blood clot and healing cascade and attract neutrophils/macrophages to site

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56
Q

Function of neutrophils/macrophages in wound healing?

A

Phagocytsoe dead tissue and microorganisms

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57
Q

What happens in proliferative phase?

A
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58
Q

What cells are involved in the proliferative pgase?

A

Keratinocytes: reepithelialsation
Fibroblasts: ecm formation
Endothelial cells: angiogenesis

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59
Q

2 methods of keratinocyte migration?

A
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60
Q

What happens in the remodelling phase?

A

Granulation tissue become mature scar tissue, collagen cross linked to form mature scar, switch from type III to type I collagen

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61
Q

Function of epidermal growth factor signal?

A

Re-epithelialisation (keratinocyte proliferation and migration)

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62
Q

Function of platelet derived growth factor signal?

A

Matrix formation (inc number and activiy of fibroblasts)

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63
Q

Function of vascular endothelial growth factor signal?

A

Angiogenesis (endothelial cell proliferation and migration)

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64
Q

What 3 molecules signal inflammation?

A

IL-1, IL-6, TNF

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65
Q

Local factors affecting wound healing?

A

Infection, foreign body, oxygenation, vascular supply

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66
Q

Systemic factors affecting wound healing?

A

Age, disease, alcohol/smoking, obesity, medication

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67
Q

What is the definition of cells?

A

Basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms

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68
Q

What are the three points of cell theory?

A
  1. all living things are composed of one/more cells
  2. cells are basic unit of life
  3. new cells arise from pre-existing cells
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69
Q

What is cytosol?

A

Intracellular fluid of cytoplasm

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70
Q

What is tissue defined as?

A

Groups of similar cells working together to carry out common function

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71
Q

What is parenchyma?

A

Working tissue

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72
Q

What is stroma?

A

Scaffold and nutritional tissue

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73
Q

What is an organ defined as?

A

Several tissue types comprised in morphologically recognizable structure performing specific set of functions

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74
Q

What is tissue composed of?

A

cells +ECM

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75
Q

Four types of tissue and function?

A

Connective: supports and protects e.g. fat, blood
Epithelial: covers/lines body surfaces
Muscle: cells contract to generate force
Nervous: generate electrical signals in response to environment

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76
Q

Four stages of tissue processing?

A

Fixation, embedding, sectioning, staining

77
Q

How are tissues fixated and why?

A

Freezing with dry ice/nitorgen or chemically with aldehyde
Preserves the tissue

78
Q

How are tissues embedded and why?

A

Frozen samples or paraffin wax
Provides support when sectioning

79
Q

How are tissues sectioned?

A

Microtome

80
Q

What type of dye is haemotoxylin?

A

Basic so stains negatively charged structure bluish purple e.g. nucleus

81
Q

What type of dye is eosin?

A

Acidic so stains positively charged structures reddish pink e.g. cytopkasm

82
Q

What is PAS stain used for?

A

Staining complex carbohydrates and glycogen e.g. mucus, basement membranes, brush borders of intestines

83
Q

How do lipids stain?

A

Optically empty

84
Q

Why is electron microscopy used over light microscopy sometimes?

A

Electron microscopy is used to see very small structures and has increased resolution

85
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue?

A

Covers and protects body surfaces
Lines internal cavities, blood vessels, respiratory and reproductive organs

86
Q

Function of covering epithelia?

A

Covers/lines all body surfaces, cavities, tubes

87
Q

Function of glandular epithelia?

A

Secretory epithelial
Produces and releases secretory products: sweat, saliva, mucus, digestive enzymes, hormones etc.

88
Q

How do exocrine glands secrete?

A

Via duct, retain continuity w/ surface

89
Q

How do endocrine glands secrete?

A

Into bloodstream, lose contact with surface

90
Q

Where is simple squamous epithelia found? Function?

A

Blood vessel/heart lining
Alveoli
Lining of kidney tubules
For diffusion/filtration

91
Q

Location/function of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

Kidney tubules, glands, terminal bronchiole lining
Diffusion/secretion

92
Q

Location/function of simple columnar epithelium?

A

Glands, bronchioles, auditory tubes, uterus, stomach
Movement of substances, absoprtion

93
Q

Function/location of stratified squamous epithelium?

A
94
Q

Structure/function/location of pseudostratified epithelium?

A
95
Q

Structure/function/location of transitional epithelium?

A
96
Q

What are intracellular processes?

A

Processes that take place within a cell

97
Q

What are two strategies to segregate molecules?

A

Multicomponent complexes e.g. ribosome
Compartmentalization into organelles

98
Q

What are organelles?

A

Cellular subunit performing specific function in cell

99
Q

Where are proteins synthesised?

A

In cytosol on ribosomes

100
Q

What is ribosome composed of?

A

Proteins and rRNA , two subunits

101
Q

What is svedberg?

A

Non-linear measurement measuring sedimentation rate (how quickly it will settle at the bottom after centrifugation)

102
Q

Why is ribosome main antibiotic target of bacterial cell?

A

It is larger than human ribosome so easy target: bacteria will die if it cannot make more proteins

103
Q

3 methods of proteins imported into organelles?

A

Nuclear pores: selective gates for nuclear proteins
Protein translocators: for proteins moving from cytosol to ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes
Transport vesicles: for proteins moving from ER onwards

104
Q

How do ribosomes know to go to the ER?

A

signal peptide on protein being made

105
Q

What is a signal peptide?

A

Specific sequence on N-terminal amino acid.

106
Q

How is the signal peptide guided to the ER?

A

Signal recognition particle in cytosol binds to signal peptide

107
Q

What do vesicles that carry proeteins from ER to golgi become?

A

Fuse to become cis cisterna

108
Q

What happens as proteins move through golgi stack?

A

Undergo enzymatic modification

109
Q

Function of phosphorylation?

A

Alters activity of protein

110
Q

Function of acetylation?

A

Regulates gene expression in histones

111
Q

Function of farnelysation?

A

Targets proteins to cytoplasmic face of plasma membrane

112
Q

Function of ubiquitination?

A

Targets protein for degregation

113
Q

When is protein degregation required?

A

Faulty proteins, proteins past sell by date, foregn proteins

114
Q

Two methods of protein degradation?

A

Lysosomal degradation
Proteasomal degradation

115
Q

What are the two outcomes for transport vesicles in golgi apparatus?

A

Exocytosis: vesicles from ER fuse with plasma membrane
Endocytosis: mannose-6-phosphate address label targets them to become endosome then matures to lysosome

116
Q

What is lysosomal degregation carried out by and activated by?

A

Lysosomal enzymes e.g. lipases/proteases
Lysosomal acidic environment

117
Q

When is lysosomal degregation used?

A

Proteins with long half life >20 hrs
Mmebrane proteins

118
Q

Where does proteasomal degregation happen? Dependent on?

A

In cytosol at proteasomes
ATP

119
Q

What is proteasomal degregation used for?

A

Proteins with short half life

120
Q

What is the nuclear lamina?

A

Strong Mesh that supports nuclear membrane
- organises nucleus and chromatin

121
Q

What is chromatin?

A

DNA combined with histone proteins

122
Q

What is the nucleoleus function?

A

Site of rRNA and ribosome synthesis

123
Q

Which things can you view under a light microscope?

A

Eukaryotes, bacteria, organelles

124
Q

Which things can you view only under electron microscope?

A

Virus, proteins lipids

125
Q

Which organeles are not membrane bound?

A

Ribosomes

126
Q

Size of prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells?

A

Pro: 1-10 microns
Eukaryote: 5-100 microns

127
Q

Organelle definition?

A

Subcellular structures that carry out different functions

128
Q

Where are nuclear pores found, function?

A

Nuclear membrane
Allows certain molecules to pass through

129
Q

Nucleus functions?

A

Chromosomes replicated
Genetic information found
Dna transcribed into RNA

130
Q

Function of plasma membrane?

A

Regulates what moves in and out of cell
Detects signals from outside of cells

131
Q

Function of cholesterol in plasma membrane?

A

Maintains fluidity of membrane

132
Q

Function of carbohydrates in plasma membrane?

A

Stabikises membrane and maintains fluidity

133
Q

Function of lipid rafts in plasma membrane?

A

Cholesterol rich
Concentrate proteins and signalling receptors for specific functions

134
Q

Where are proteins for energy production found in mitochondria?

A

Genome

135
Q

What is the structure and function of the inner membrane of mitochondria

A

Cristae: invaginate cell to increase surface area

136
Q

Function of mitochondria?

A

ATP production and apoptosis

137
Q

Which 3 ways does mitochondria produce ATP?

A
  • krebs cycle
  • electron transport chain
  • oxidative phosphorylation
138
Q

Which molecules does the electron transport chain require?

A

Cytochrome c

139
Q

How is apoptosis initiated in the mitochondria?

A

cytochrome c is released from mitochondria into cytosol

140
Q

Functions of RER?

A
  • protein synthesis
  • protein folding
  • protein modifications
141
Q

Functions of SER?

A
  • lipid synthesis
  • ca storage
142
Q

Structure + Function of lysosomes?

A
  • degrade unwanted molecules
    50 degregative enzymes - acid hydrolyses
    pH 5
143
Q

Structure + Function of peroxisomes?

A
  • membrane bound organelle
  • biochemical reactions
  • oxidative enzymes e.g. catalase
  • breakdown fatty acids
144
Q

Examples of reasons to localise different functions of the cell?

A

cytochrome c in mitochondira
lysosome degregation
peroxisome

145
Q

Glycocalyx structure and function ?

A

-layer of carbohydrate covering cells
- cell recognition
- prominent in gut

146
Q

Which molecules determine ABO blood grouping?

A

carbohydrates

147
Q

Four compartments of mitochondria?

A

Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Matrix
Intermembrane space

148
Q

Function of mitochondria outer membrane?

A

selective permeability

149
Q

Function of mitochondria inner membrane ?

A

Electron transport chain

150
Q

Function of mitochondria matrix?

A

Enzymes for citric acid cycle

151
Q

Function of mitochondria inter membrane space?

A

location of cytochrome c

152
Q

Functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

Organises cell structure
Maintains cell shape
Supports plasma membrane
Allows organelle movement
Allows growth, division, motility

153
Q

Three types of cytoskeleton?

A
  • microtubules
  • microfilaments
  • intermediate filaments
154
Q

Function of intermediate filaments?

A

Provide strength and structure in a cell

155
Q

Examples of intermediate filaments?

A

Keratin in skin epithelial cells
Vimentin in fibroblasts
Lamins in nuclei of eukaryotes

156
Q

Structure + Functions of microtubules?

A

Constantly assembling and disassembling
A and b tubulin
Cell movement, intracellular organelle transport, mitotic spindle

157
Q

How do microtubules move organelles intracellularly ?

A

Kinesins: move cargo away from centrosome
Dyneins: move cargo towards centrosome

158
Q

Structure and Function of axonomes?

A

Microtubule and dynein composition
Cytoskeletal component of cilia and flagella
Allow bending

159
Q

Composition of microfilaments?

A

polymers of actin

160
Q

Functions of microfilaments?

A

Cell projections: microvilli, stereocillia
Cytoplasm: cell contraction, shape change
Membrane extensions for motility: lamellopodia, filopodia
Contractile ring: cytokenesis

161
Q

Functions of cell junctions?

A

Connect plasma membrane to adjacent cells, basement membrane, cytoskeleton of other cell

162
Q

Functions of anchoring junctions?

A

Anchor cells to other cells or the ECM

163
Q

Which junctions are cell-cell junctions?

A

Adherens, desmosomes

164
Q

Which type of cytoskeleton is adherens and focal adhesions?

A

actin

165
Q

Which junctions are cell-ecm junctions?

A

Focal adhesions, hemidesmosomes

166
Q

Which type of cytoskeleton is desmosomes and hemidesmosomes?

A

intermediate filaments

167
Q

Function of gate in tight junction?

A

Regulates paracellular permeability (what can enter cell)

168
Q

Function of fence in tight junction?

A

Forms apical and basolateral inter membrane diffusion barrier

169
Q

Which type of junction is paracellular?

A

tight

170
Q

Function of GAP junctions?

A

Allows passage of small molcules

171
Q

Structure of GAP junctions? Where are they found?

A

cell-cell contact
hexamers and connexins
cardiac tissue

172
Q

Which structures are composed from microtubules?

A

Flagella and cillia

173
Q

Function of hepatocytes?

A

Liver cells
Lipid biosynthesis

174
Q

Location and function of leydig cells?

A

Testes
Steroid hormone biosynthesis

175
Q

Which molecule do muscle cells rely on?

A

Calcium

176
Q

What is epidermolysis bullosa?

A

Defects in hemidesmosome
Causes fragile skin
Skin blistering, tearing upon touch

177
Q

What is kartegeners syndrome?

A

Defective cilia - effects mucus clearance, circulation of CSF and fertility as sperm aren’t motile

178
Q

How are microtubules stabilised?

A

Presence of proteins tat bind to them

179
Q

Effect of Tau protein not being present in microtubules?

A

Alzheimers
Microtubules dissassemble

180
Q

What is tay-sacks disease?

A

Mutation in genes that encode lysosomal enzymes
Genetic
build up of gangliosides in brain and spinal cord

181
Q

Where is E-cadherin found?

A

Adherens junction

182
Q

What happens when adherens junctions are defective?

A

Cancer as E-cadherin is lost so carcinomas can metastasise

183
Q

Function of tight junctions and where are they found?

A

barrier - selectively permeable, cell polarity
epidermis

184
Q

What are tight junctions composed of?

A

Claudins

185
Q

What are adherens junctions composed of?

A

cadherins

186
Q

What are desmosomes composed of?

A

desmosomal cadherins

187
Q

What are focal adhesions and hemidesmsomes composed of?

A

integrins

188
Q

What cytoskeleton does focal adhesions have?

A

actin

189
Q
A

MBChB1 Phase 1 (12 decks)

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