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PYB102 > week 8: variations in consciousness > Flashcards

week 8: variations in consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

measures used to detect physiological changes during sleep

A

EEG
EOG
EMG

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2
Q

EEG measures?

A

brain waves

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3
Q

EOG measures?

A

eye movement

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4
Q

EMG measures

A

muscle tension

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5
Q

how EEG are used

A

electrodes placed on the scalp to detect and measure patterns of electrical activity emanating from the brain

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6
Q

how eeg work

A

EEG electrode amplifies electric potentials occurring in many thousands of brain cells

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7
Q

EEG during wakefulness and NREM sleep

A 
alert wakefulness: beta waves 
just before sleep: alpha waves
stage 1: theta waves
stage 2: contains sleep spindle and K-complex
stage 3: delta waves
stage 4
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8
Q

EEG during different sleep stages (including REM sleep)

A
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9
Q

variations in EEG and EMG in REM sleep

A

Lack of muscle activity in REM sleep
EEG in REM sleep is similar to EEG while awake
(dreaming stage)

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10
Q

what is rem sleep also known as?

A

paradoxical sleep

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11
Q

brain activity during REM AND NREM

A

NREM-decreases from wakefulness

REM-increases in motor and sensory areas, while other areas similar to NREM

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12
Q

HR during REM AND NREM

A

NREM-slows from wakefulness

REM-increases and varies from NREM

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13
Q

BP during REM AND NREM

A

NREM-decreases from wakefulness

REM-increases (up to 30%) and varies from NREM

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14
Q

blood flow to brain during REM AND NREM

A

NREM-does not change from wakefulness in most regions

REM-increases from 50- 200% from NREM, depending on brain region

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15
Q

respiration during REM AND NREM

A

NREM-decreases from wakefulness

REM-increases and varies from NREM, coughing suppressed

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16
Q

body temperature during REM AND NREM

A

NREM-is regulated at a lower set point than wakefulness (i.e. shivering will not start until a lower than normal temp is reached)
REM-is not regulated; no shivering or sweating; temperature drifts toward that of the local environment

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17
Q

how much sleep do humans need at different stages of life?

A

infant-16hrs
adolescent-9hrs
adult-8hrs

18
Q

circadian rhythm

A

Circadian rhythms are physical, mental, and behavioural changes that follow a 24-hour cycle
rely on light and dark

19
Q

Brain regions important for circadian rhythm and REM sleep

A 
pons (REM)
retina
suprachiasmatic nucleus 
hypothalamus 
thalamus
lateral geniculate nucleus 
pineal gland
20
Q

Circadian Sleep Cycles

A

Sleep-wake cycle is linked to the circadian rhythm

predominantly entrained by light-dark transitions

21
Q

neuronal level the circadian rhythm is controlled by

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

22
Q

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

A

small structure in hypothalamus
Entrainment by light-dark cycle via retinohypothalamic tract
Sectioning optic nerves prevents light-dark regulation of circadian rhythms

23
Q

reticular formation in the brain stem responsible for

A

responsible for activating/waking the brain from sleep

24
Q

basal forebrain region in the ventral frontal lobe responsible for

A

inducing SWS slow wave sleep

25
Q

pons in sleep

A

important for triggering REM sleep and the muscle atonia associated with the REM sleep stage

26
Q

what is atonia?

A

temporarily paralysed legs and arms

27
Q

hypothalamic system role in sleep

A

regulating the transitions between the activation of the other neural sleep systems

28
Q

Functions of sleep

A
  • Restoration and recovery of bodily systems
  • Energy conservation
  • Memory consolidation
  • Protection from predation
  • Brain development
29
Q

Sleep disorders

A 
Insomnia
Sleep Apnoea
Somnabulism
Night terrors
REM sleep behaviour disorder
Narcolepsy
30
Q

what is slow-wave sleep and what type of brain waves?

A

stage 3 of NREM,

consists of delta waves

31
Q

what stages of sleep are NREM?

A

stages 1, 2, 3

32
Q

what stage of sleep is REM?

33
Q

what are alpha waves?

A

brain activity measured by EEG right before falling asleep

34
Q

what are beta waves

A

the waves measured on the EEG when you’re awake

35
Q

what are theta waves?

A

brain waves measured by EEG in stage 1 of sleep (NREM)

36
Q

what are the characteristics of stage 1 NREM sleep?

A

transition period between wakefulness and sleep
theta waves
low amplitude, high frequency
also known as light sleep

37
Q

what are delta waves?

A

stage 3 sleep
transitional point between light and deep sleep
slow wave sleep

38
Q

what are sleep spindles and k complexes in stage 2 sleep?

A

sleep spindles: trains of high-frequency waves

k complexes: brief high amplitude spike

39
Q

sleep stage 3 characteristics

A

slow-wave sleep
delta waves
low frequency high amplitude

40
Q

sleep stage 4 characteristics (REM)

A

muscle atonia
frequency and amplitude resemble waking activity
dreams

PYB102 (11 decks)

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