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PYB102 > week 1-3: neuroanatomy > Flashcards

week 1-3: neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

2 divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System

Peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Tracts

A

Bundles of axons in the CNS

white matter

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3
Q

Nuclei

A

Groups of neuron cell bodies in the CNS

Grey matter

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4
Q

nerves

A

bundles of axons in the PNS

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5
Q

Ganglia

A

groups of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

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6
Q

divisions of the brain

A
  • forebrain region
  • Midbrain
  • Hindbrain
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7
Q

Forebrain

A 
Telencephalon 
- cerebral cortex
- basal ganglia
- limbic system
Diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
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8
Q

midbrain

A

superior colliculi

inferior colliculi

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9
Q

hindbrain

A

medulla
pons
cerebellum
reticular formation

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10
Q

neural tubes

A

grow to form the cns

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11
Q

neural crest

A

develop into the PNS

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12
Q

medulla

A

contains circuits of neurons that vital function (HR, BP, RR)

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13
Q

Pons

A

a bridge of fibres that connects the brain stem with the cerebellum.

  • contains clusters of nuclei
  • one of the clusters is the reticular formation which influences alertness/consciousness
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14
Q

cerebellum

A

large structure located behind the brain stem

critical for coordination of movement and to balance

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15
Q

Superior colliculi (anterior)

A

relay visual information and important for visual attention

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16
Q

Inferior colliculi (posterior)

A

relay auditory information and important for auditory attention

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17
Q

colliculi appearance and location

A

superior and inferior colliculi are pairs of bumps on the back of the brain stem

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18
Q

thalamus

A

relay station through which all sensory (not smell) information must pass through to get to the cerebral cortex
thalamus filters and begins to organise the sensory input

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19
Q

hypothalamus

A
  • major role in the regulation of basic biological drives such as hunger and thirst
  • controls ANS
  • regulates body temperature
  • controls pituitary gland which releases hormones and controls glands
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20
Q

hypothalamus and thalamus location

A

thalamus is above the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland is below the hypothalamus
forebrain region

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21
Q

basal ganglia

A

group of structures crucial for planning and producing movement

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22
Q

what disease affects the basal ganglia?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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23
Q

limbic system

A 
a loosely connected network of structures plays important role in learning and memory and emotions (Executive function)
2 structures:
1 hippocampus (role in memory and learning)
2 amygdala (processing emotional information such as fear response)
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24
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • outer layer of the cerebral hemisphere
  • 2-6mm thick
  • folded so it can fit in the skull
  • contains gyrus and sulci
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25
Q

gyrus

A

bump/bulge on the cerebral cortex

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26
Q

sulcus

A

grooves on the cerebral cortex

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27
Q

4 brain lobes

A

1, occipital lobe
2, parietal lobe
3, frontal lobe
4, temporal lobe

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28
Q

occipital lobe

A

located at the back of the brain
includes the primary visual cortex
involved in vision

29
Q

parietal lobe

A

located behind the central sulcus
concerned with the perception of stimuli
- pain, pressure, temperature

30
Q

temporal lobe

A

located behind the lateral fissure
concerned with the perception and recognition of auditory stimuli and memory
- Wernickes and brocas located in temporal lobe

31
Q

frontal lobe

A

located in the front of the central sulcus
concerned with reason, planning, parts of speech and movement (motor cortex), emotions and problem solving
- higher order cognition/ executive function

32
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

problem solving, emotion, complex thoughts, higher order cognitive functions

33
Q

primary motor cortex

A

initiation of voluntary movement

34
Q

motor association cortex

A

co-ordination of complex movement

35
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A

receives tactile information from the body

36
Q

sensory association area

A

processing of multisensory information

37
Q

visual cortex

A

detection of simple visual stimuli

38
Q

visual association area

A

complex processing of visual information

39
Q

auditory cortex

A

detection of sound quality (loudness, tone)

40
Q

auditory association area

A

complex processing of auditory information

41
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

comprehension of language

42
Q

brocas area

A

speech production

43
Q

lateralisation

A

concept that regions of the brain have distinct functions

44
Q

what is the left side of the brain lateralised for?

45
Q

contralateral arrangement

A

each hemisphere of the brain controls the opposite side of the body
eg, left hemisphere controls right side of body

46
Q

contralateral arrangement with visual field

A

visual information from left side of both eyes is projected to the right side of the brain. visual information from the right side of both eyes projects to the left hemisphere in the brain.

47
Q

split-brain experiment

A

patients with severe epilepsy had their corpus callosum (bundle of neurons that connected 2 hemispheres) severed.
2 hemispheres could no longer communicate

48
Q

How did they test split-brain patients and what were the results?

A

patients had a board with 2 images (1 for each eye) and items behind the board. patients left visual field was an image of a key but they couldn’t say key as the left visual field is contralateral with the right hemisphere and is not involved with language. the right visual field saw an image of a ring and was able to speak ring as the right visual field is contralateral to the left hemisphere which is lateralised for language.

49
Q

brain support systems

A
  • the vascular system
  • the meninges
  • cerebral ventricles
50
Q

cerebral ventricles

A

chambers filled with CSF inside the brain. the CSF provides shock absorption for the brain and is a medium for nutrient exchange

51
Q

the meninges

A

protective sheath surrounding the brain and spinal cord

52
Q

meninges layers

A

dura mater
arachnoid membrane
pia mater
- between pia mater and arachnoid is subarachnoid space filled with csf

53
Q

how much energy does the brain consume?

A

20% energy, 2% body mass

54
Q

vascular system

A

supplies the brain with metabolic fuel

blood-brain barrier blocks larger molecules from entering the brain which stops toxins but makes drug absorption hard

55
Q

how does the brain receive metabolic fuel?

A

the vascular system

  • oxygen
  • glucose
56
Q

spinal cord

A
  • distributes motor connections to the muscles and glands
  • collects somatosensory information
    the spinal cord is protected by the vertebral column
57
Q

how far down does the spinal cord go in the vertebral column

A

2/3 the remaining 1/3 is filled by a mass of spinal nerves

58
Q

divisions of the PNS

A

somatic nervous system

autonomic nervous system

59
Q

the somatic nervous system

A

spinal nerves

cranial nerves

60
Q

spinal nerves

A

begin at the junction of the dorsal and ventral roots of the spinal cord. the nerves leave the vertebral column and travel to the muscles or sensory receptors they innervate

61
Q

afferent axons direction

A

afferent axons travel towards the cns conveying sensory information

62
Q

efferent axons direction

A

efferent axons travel away from the cns conveying motor commands to muscles and glands

63
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs
attached to the ventral surface of the brain
most serve sensory and motor functions of the head and neck

64
Q

the vagus nerve

A

10th cranial nerve

regulates the functions of organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities

65
Q

autonomic nervous system

A 
concerned with regulation of smooth muscle 
- skin
- blood vessels 
- walls of the gut 
- cardiac muscles
- glands
ANS 2 systems 
1. parasympathetic division
2. sympathetic division
66
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

involved in activities associated with the expenditure of energy from reserves stored in body
fight or flight

67
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A

rest and digest

supports activities that are involved with increases in the body’s supply of stored energy

68
Q

characteristics of sympathetic NS

A 
dilated pupils
relaxed lungs
increase HR
constriction of blood vessels
stops digesting food
69
Q

characteristics associated with the parasympathetic NS

A 
normal pupils
normal breathing
slows hr
stimulates digestion
dilates blood vessels

PYB102 (11 decks)

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