Week 8 Tetrapods

Question 1

Synapsids and Sauropsids are both what?

Answer 1

Amniotes
-> egg that provides protection/ survive outside of water

Question 2

What are synapsids?

Answer 2

(1) skull has a single fenestra
-allowed muscles in jaw to differentiate
[Mammals]

Question 3

What are Sauropsids?

Answer 3

extant reptiles that originally had diapsid skulls
(fenestrae of turtles, snakes, and birds are modified)

Question 4

what are Diapsids?

Answer 4

Skull with 2 fenestrae
(reptilian lineage)

Question 5

Synap of Amniota?

Answer 5

(1) Lateral flange of the pterygoid bone
(2) second cervical vertebrae modified into an axis
(3) Astragalus bone and mesotarsal joint
(4) more than one sacral vertebra
(5) Amniote egg
(6) waterproof skin
(7) penis
(8) metanephric Kidney
(9) Costal aspiration (breathing with ribs)
(10)Trachea with cartilagenous rings

Question 6

Parts of amniotic egg?

Answer 6

Chorion, Amnion, allantois, yoke, alboumen

Question 7

what does the chorion do? (part of amniotic egg)

Answer 7

layer that protects developing embryo and performs gas exchange

Question 8

what does the amnion do in an amniotic egg?

Answer 8

encasing embryo inside of chorion adding protection

Question 9

what does the allantois do in an amniotic egg

Answer 9

garbage sac, waste will be here

Question 10

what does the yoke do?

Answer 10

nutrients for embryo

Question 11

what does the albumen do in an amniotic egg

Answer 11

provides egg with water/protein

Question 12

How do synapsids and sauropsids compare?

Answer 12

both groups have:
(1) fast predators
(2) fast prey
(3) powered flight
(4) endothermy
(5) parental care
(6) complex social behavior
*almost all result of convergent evolution

Question 13

How do sauropsids move and breathe

Answer 13

Lateral undulations- restrict breathing when running and walking

Question 14

how do derived sauropsids move and breathe

Answer 14

gular pumping

Question 15

How do synapsids move and breathe?

Answer 15

upright posture, limbs under trunk
–>diaphragm
*also can breath while running unlike sauropsids

Question 16

How do synapsids/sauropsid lungs compare

Answer 16

2 types of lungs
(1) Alveolar
-the synapsid respiratory system
- Bi-directional
- Compliant, changes shape upon exhale and inhale
(2) Faveolar
- sauropsid resp. system
- lungs are immobile
- 1 way airflow

Question 17

Sauropsid lung ventilation in turtles is…

Answer 17

Muscular sling

Question 18

sauropsid lung vent. in snakes is…

Answer 18

kinda one lung

Question 19

sauropsid lung vent. in crocodylians is…

Answer 19

unidirectional resp system

Question 20

Avian respiratory

Answer 20

faveolar lungs combined with large air sacs that are large resovoirs that store the air during parts of resp. cycle to help air flow through in just 1 direction

Question 21

Avian resp. advantages?

Answer 21

(1)ability to breathe at very high altitudes
(2) minimizes the anatomic dead space
(3) allows birds to grow very large necks

Question 22

what are the 4 steps in avian resp. air flow

Answer 22

(1) inhale to posterior air sacs
(2) exhale to lungs
(3) inhale to anterior air sacs
(4) exhale out trachea

Question 23

How do amniotes maintain blood pressure, since they have to maintain different blood pressures in the systemic and pulmonary systems

Answer 23

Solution: seperation of the ventricle into the systemic and pulmonary sides with a permanent septum

Question 24

what is Endothermy

Answer 24

relying on internal heat to increase body temperature
-requires high metabolic rate and good insulation

Question 25

what are the major nitrogenous wastes of amniotes

Answer 25

(1) Ammonia
(2) urea
(3) uric acid

Question 26

How do synapsids excrete waste

Answer 26

mammals produce more conc. urine than any non-amniote animal

Question 27

compare vision in synapsids and sauropsids

Answer 27

sauropsids have more distinct color vision

Question 28

compare olfaction in synapsids and sauropsids

Answer 28

synapsids have better olfaction/use it more
*alot has to do with pheremones

Question 29

compare hearing in synapsids and sauropsids

Answer 29

equally good in both
Synapsids: 3 bones
Sauropsids: 1 bone

Question 30

what are the 3 main bones used in synapsid hearing?

Answer 30

(1) Malleus
(2) incus
(3) stapes

Question 31

what is the main bone used un sauropsid hearing?

Answer 31

Stapes

Question 32

how do synapsid and sauropsid brains compare?

Answer 32

in both derived synapsid and sauropsid, brain size in realtion to body size has increased