Week 8 Tetrapods Flashcards
Synapsids and Sauropsids are both what?
Amniotes
-> egg that provides protection/ survive outside of water
What are synapsids?
(1) skull has a single fenestra
-allowed muscles in jaw to differentiate
[Mammals]
What are Sauropsids?
extant reptiles that originally had diapsid skulls
(fenestrae of turtles, snakes, and birds are modified)
what are Diapsids?
Skull with 2 fenestrae
(reptilian lineage)
Synap of Amniota?
(1) Lateral flange of the pterygoid bone
(2) second cervical vertebrae modified into an axis
(3) Astragalus bone and mesotarsal joint
(4) more than one sacral vertebra
(5) Amniote egg
(6) waterproof skin
(7) penis
(8) metanephric Kidney
(9) Costal aspiration (breathing with ribs)
(10)Trachea with cartilagenous rings
Parts of amniotic egg?
Chorion, Amnion, allantois, yoke, alboumen
what does the chorion do? (part of amniotic egg)
layer that protects developing embryo and performs gas exchange
what does the amnion do in an amniotic egg?
encasing embryo inside of chorion adding protection
what does the allantois do in an amniotic egg
garbage sac, waste will be here
what does the yoke do?
nutrients for embryo
what does the albumen do in an amniotic egg
provides egg with water/protein
How do synapsids and sauropsids compare?
both groups have:
(1) fast predators
(2) fast prey
(3) powered flight
(4) endothermy
(5) parental care
(6) complex social behavior
*almost all result of convergent evolution
How do sauropsids move and breathe
Lateral undulations- restrict breathing when running and walking
how do derived sauropsids move and breathe
gular pumping
How do synapsids move and breathe?
upright posture, limbs under trunk
–>diaphragm
*also can breath while running unlike sauropsids
How do synapsids/sauropsid lungs compare
2 types of lungs
(1) Alveolar
-the synapsid respiratory system
- Bi-directional
- Compliant, changes shape upon exhale and inhale
(2) Faveolar
- sauropsid resp. system
- lungs are immobile
- 1 way airflow
Sauropsid lung ventilation in turtles is…
Muscular sling
sauropsid lung vent. in snakes is…
kinda one lung
sauropsid lung vent. in crocodylians is…
unidirectional resp system
Avian respiratory
faveolar lungs combined with large air sacs that are large resovoirs that store the air during parts of resp. cycle to help air flow through in just 1 direction
Avian resp. advantages?
(1)ability to breathe at very high altitudes
(2) minimizes the anatomic dead space
(3) allows birds to grow very large necks
what are the 4 steps in avian resp. air flow
(1) inhale to posterior air sacs
(2) exhale to lungs
(3) inhale to anterior air sacs
(4) exhale out trachea
How do amniotes maintain blood pressure, since they have to maintain different blood pressures in the systemic and pulmonary systems
Solution: seperation of the ventricle into the systemic and pulmonary sides with a permanent septum
what is Endothermy
relying on internal heat to increase body temperature
-requires high metabolic rate and good insulation
what are the major nitrogenous wastes of amniotes
(1) Ammonia
(2) urea
(3) uric acid
How do synapsids excrete waste
mammals produce more conc. urine than any non-amniote animal
compare vision in synapsids and sauropsids
sauropsids have more distinct color vision
compare olfaction in synapsids and sauropsids
synapsids have better olfaction/use it more
*alot has to do with pheremones
compare hearing in synapsids and sauropsids
equally good in both
Synapsids: 3 bones
Sauropsids: 1 bone
what are the 3 main bones used in synapsid hearing?
(1) Malleus
(2) incus
(3) stapes
what is the main bone used un sauropsid hearing?
Stapes
how do synapsid and sauropsid brains compare?
in both derived synapsid and sauropsid, brain size in realtion to body size has increased
