Exam 2 (concepts)

Question 1

Identify and describe why Icthyostega and Acanthostega are important stem tetrapods

Answer 1

Both represent intermediate forms in evolutionary transition from aquatic to terrestrial life
-fore and hind limbs capable of supporting and propelling off bottom
-more robust/specialized ribs

Question 2

Tetrapods Vs. Basal Tetrapodomorphs

Answer 2

-fin to forelimb
-pelvic girdle, attached to vertebral column in tetrapod
-tetrapod fish, pelvic girdle attached to the cranial skeleton

Question 3

Anti-predation mechanisms in squamates

Answer 3

-crypsis
-eavesdropping
-deterrence
-Autotomy
-aposematic coloration
-venom/poison
-batesian mimicry

Question 4

Define how mostly terrestrial amphibians keep moist

Answer 4

-mucus glands
-behavioral response
-balance osmotic influx of water by producing dilute urine
-rehydration from limited water source (pelvic patch)

Question 5

Anura breeding types

Answer 5

Explosive breeding: 1:1 sex ratio
Prolonged breeding: sex ratio skewed towards more males than females

Question 6

Venomous dentition in snakes

Answer 6

Opisthoglyphous, Proteroglyphous, Solenogylphous

Question 7

Similarities/differences of anura, caudata, gymnophiona

Answer 7

Sim-> Cutanesous gas exchange, non-amniote tetrapods, and moist scaleless skin
Diff->
(A) Tailess, adapted for jumping
(C) Have tails, semi-aquatic (most)
(G) Legless, burrowing, reduced eyes

Question 8

Evolutionary relationship between synapsids and sauropsids

Answer 8

Synap: One temporal fenestrae
Saurop: 2 temporal fenestrae
Sim-> both amniotes adapted to land

Question 9

How do squamates reproduce

Answer 9

-internal fert.
-oviparous or viviparous
-clutch, litter dependent on species size

Question 10

Turtle shell anatomy

Answer 10

top made of carapace and bottom made of plastron

Question 11

Turtle breathing

Answer 11

turtles have lungs but aquatic turtles can absorb oxygen through their cloaca/ skin when submerged

Question 12

Similarities/differences between squamata and rynchocephallia

Answer 12

Sim->Both reptiles and cold blooded metabolism
Diff-> R contains only tuatara and S contains snakes and lizards

Question 13

How is sex determined in squamates

Answer 13

Genotypic: xx/xy or zz/zw (female)
Environmental: temp, egg size, and parental behavior

Question 14

Extant crocodylian morphology

Answer 14

-integumentary sensory organs
-secondary bony palate

Question 15

Distinguish saurischians and ornithischians

Answer 15

Saur-> lizzard hipped
Orn-> Bird hipped

Question 16

Describe different feather types

Answer 16

Contour->outermost feathers, provide shape and aid in flight
Down->Thermoregulation and plumulaceous (no vein)
Filoplumes-> hair-like feathers with nerve receptors

Question 17

Important mammalian clades

Answer 17

-prototheria
-theria
-allotheria (extinct)

Question 18

How did tetrapods colonize land

Answer 18

-limbs w/ digits
-ribcage
-lungs

Question 19

Avian digestive system

Answer 19

-Crop, storage
-Stomach, proventriculus and gizzard
-Intestine
-Ceca, (cecum)

Question 20

Avian reproduction

Answer 20

Cloacal “kiss”
Monogamy?
oviparous
egg shell
young are either precocial or altricial

Question 21

How do mammal embryos develop

Answer 21

Monotremes: Lay eggs
Marsupial: develop in pouches after brief gestation
Placentals: develop in uterus with placenta for nutrient exchnage

Question 22

How do birds communicate

Answer 22

Visual displays
vocalization
sonation

Question 23

Avian flight adaptations

Answer 23

Pneumatic bones
keeled sternum
rigid body
fusion in leg bones
synsacrum