Exam 1 concepts and ideas Flashcards

1
Q

What inferences can we make from phylogenetic trees

A

how closely or distantly related species are to each other

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2
Q

Synap. of Vertebrates

A

Hollow nerve cord
notocord
pharyngeal slits

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3
Q

features of Cephalochordates (amphioxus)

A

no distinguishable head
pharyngeal slits
myomeres
cerebral vesicle
skin lacks pigment, single layer of cells

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4
Q

features of urochordates
(seasquirts/tunicates)

A

chordate characteristics only in larval form
most adults are sesssile

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5
Q

How do chordates and non-vert chordates differ?

A

chordates do not have a vertebral column

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6
Q

What do chordates and non-vert chordates share?

A

nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
notocord
post-anal tail

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7
Q

Unique developmental characteristics of vertebrates

A

neural crest cells
neurogenic placodes
repeated duplication of hox genes
increased number of micro rna

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8
Q

Vertebrate organ systems and function

A

integumentary- skin and accessory organs
Skeletal- bones and joints
muscular- voluntary and involuntary movement
Nervous-transmit signals from brain to the rest of the body
endocrine- regulate internal function
digestive- food processing
excretory- kidneys filter waste from blood/ body salt and water balance
reproductive- gonads

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9
Q

the senses in vertebrates

A

chemo-sensation
vision
electroreception
mechanoreception
vestibular system- orientation
hearing

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10
Q

characteristics of cyclostomata
(living jawless fish)

A

single nostril
pouched gill
velum
arcualia

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11
Q

features of myxinoidea (hagfish)

A

large mucus glands
long and scaleless, pink
about 1/2 meters in length

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12
Q

features of petromyzontoidea (lampreys)

A

1 meter adults
7 gill pores
4 eyes
toothed mouth
scaleless
one nostril

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13
Q

what are the conodonts? what are their unique features
(jawless fish)

A

extinct jawless fish
lack jaw
big eyes

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14
Q

basic characteristics of gnathostomes
(jawed vertebrates)

A

hypobrachial musculature (suction feeding)
jaws formed from mandibular gill arch
internal gill rackers
vertebrae have centra and ribs

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15
Q

What are placoderms

A

and extinct jawed fish
(bony shield)

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16
Q

why are jaws important

A

new feeding behavior
digging
nesting
can grasp mates/offspring

17
Q

why are fins important

A

positioning in 3D
signaling
defense
sex organs

18
Q

what is the clade Eugnathostomta? Synaps?

A

clade that includes chondrytheyes and osteichtheyes
teeth, made of dentin/enamel
4 clusters of hox genes
endochondral bone
bony operculum
lung ventral to gut
vertebrae with ribs and centra

19
Q

synap of chondricthyes

A

tesselated endoskeleton mineralization
placoid scales

20
Q

Different type of jaw suspension

A

Autodiastylic- jaw cant move in relation to chondrocranium
Amphistylic- upper jaws articulate with chondrocranium
Holostylic- upper jaw fused with chondrocranium, lower jaw is suspended and crushes prey
Hyostylic- upper jaw articulates with chondrocranium- hyomandibula allows upper jaw to be projected and retracted during feeding

21
Q

Synap of Elasmobranchii and Neoselanchii

A

subterminal mouth
hyostylic jaw
spiracles

22
Q

How do sharks sense their environment

A

chemoreception
vision

23
Q

synap of osteichthyes(bony fish)

A

endochondral bone
operculum
replacement teeth
dermal bone
ventral lungs
branchiostegal rays
lepidotrichea

24
Q

Synap of actinopterygii(ray finned fish)

A

single dorsal fin
scales composed of genoine
everted cerebral hemisphere

25
what are neopterygii
holostei and teleosts
26
synap for teleostei
uroneural homocercal tail imbricated scales premaxilla mobile lung turned into gas bladder powerful moveable pharyngeal jaws
27
what defines Euteleostei
"true fish" Escoformes- elongated jaw, ambush predator Salmoniformes- Andromous, adipose fins
28
Synap of sarcopterygii
scales made of cosmine monobasic paired fins intracranial joint
29
synap of dipnoi and tetrapods
heart with divided atrium pulmonary circulation bile salts