Exam 1 concepts and ideas Flashcards
What inferences can we make from phylogenetic trees
how closely or distantly related species are to each other
Synap. of Vertebrates
Hollow nerve cord
notocord
pharyngeal slits
features of Cephalochordates (amphioxus)
no distinguishable head
pharyngeal slits
myomeres
cerebral vesicle
skin lacks pigment, single layer of cells
features of urochordates
(seasquirts/tunicates)
chordate characteristics only in larval form
most adults are sesssile
How do chordates and non-vert chordates differ?
chordates do not have a vertebral column
What do chordates and non-vert chordates share?
nerve cord
pharyngeal slits
notocord
post-anal tail
Unique developmental characteristics of vertebrates
neural crest cells
neurogenic placodes
repeated duplication of hox genes
increased number of micro rna
Vertebrate organ systems and function
integumentary- skin and accessory organs
Skeletal- bones and joints
muscular- voluntary and involuntary movement
Nervous-transmit signals from brain to the rest of the body
endocrine- regulate internal function
digestive- food processing
excretory- kidneys filter waste from blood/ body salt and water balance
reproductive- gonads
the senses in vertebrates
chemo-sensation
vision
electroreception
mechanoreception
vestibular system- orientation
hearing
characteristics of cyclostomata
(living jawless fish)
single nostril
pouched gill
velum
arcualia
features of myxinoidea (hagfish)
large mucus glands
long and scaleless, pink
about 1/2 meters in length
features of petromyzontoidea (lampreys)
1 meter adults
7 gill pores
4 eyes
toothed mouth
scaleless
one nostril
what are the conodonts? what are their unique features
(jawless fish)
extinct jawless fish
lack jaw
big eyes
basic characteristics of gnathostomes
(jawed vertebrates)
hypobrachial musculature (suction feeding)
jaws formed from mandibular gill arch
internal gill rackers
vertebrae have centra and ribs
What are placoderms
and extinct jawed fish
(bony shield)
why are jaws important
new feeding behavior
digging
nesting
can grasp mates/offspring
why are fins important
positioning in 3D
signaling
defense
sex organs
what is the clade Eugnathostomta? Synaps?
clade that includes chondrytheyes and osteichtheyes
teeth, made of dentin/enamel
4 clusters of hox genes
endochondral bone
bony operculum
lung ventral to gut
vertebrae with ribs and centra
synap of chondricthyes
tesselated endoskeleton mineralization
placoid scales
Different type of jaw suspension
Autodiastylic- jaw cant move in relation to chondrocranium
Amphistylic- upper jaws articulate with chondrocranium
Holostylic- upper jaw fused with chondrocranium, lower jaw is suspended and crushes prey
Hyostylic- upper jaw articulates with chondrocranium- hyomandibula allows upper jaw to be projected and retracted during feeding
Synap of Elasmobranchii and Neoselanchii
subterminal mouth
hyostylic jaw
spiracles
How do sharks sense their environment
chemoreception
vision
synap of osteichthyes(bony fish)
endochondral bone
operculum
replacement teeth
dermal bone
ventral lungs
branchiostegal rays
lepidotrichea
Synap of actinopterygii(ray finned fish)
single dorsal fin
scales composed of genoine
everted cerebral hemisphere
what are neopterygii
holostei and teleosts
synap for teleostei
uroneural
homocercal tail
imbricated scales
premaxilla mobile
lung turned into gas bladder
powerful moveable pharyngeal jaws
what defines Euteleostei
“true fish”
Escoformes- elongated jaw, ambush predator
Salmoniformes- Andromous, adipose fins
Synap of sarcopterygii
scales made of cosmine
monobasic paired fins
intracranial joint
synap of dipnoi and tetrapods
heart with divided atrium
pulmonary circulation
bile salts
