EXAM 2 (terminology)

Question 1

Taxonomy

Answer 1

The science of classifying and naming organisms. It involves the hierarchical arrangement of species into groups based on similarities and evolutionary relationships

Question 2

Cladogram

Answer 2

A diagram that shows the relationships among different groups of organisms based on shared derived characteristics

It’s a type of phylogenetic tree that doesn’t necessarily indicate time or evolutionary distances

Question 3

Clade

Answer 3

A group of organisms that include common ancestor and all its descendents

a branch

Question 4

Cutaneous Respiration

Answer 4

Respiration through the skin

Common in amphibians and some fish

Question 5

Amniote

Answer 5

Vertebrates that have an amniotic egg, which contains a membrane (amnion) that surrounds the emryo

Allows them to reproduce in terrestrial environments

Question 6

Carnivory

Answer 6

Feeding behvior where an organisms primarily consumes animal flesh

Question 7

Kleptogenesis

Answer 7

a form of reproduction in some organisms where a female acquires gentic material from a mlae of another species but does not incorporate the male’s DNA into the offspring

This can create hybrid organisms

Question 8

Autotomy

Answer 8

the ability of an organism to shed body parts

defense mechanism

Question 9

Metamorphosis

Answer 9

a biological process by which an organism undergoes a significant transformation, usually from juvenile to an adult stage

common in amphibians

Question 10

Synapsid

Answer 10

one temporal fenestrae

mammals

Question 11

Diapsid

Answer 11

Two temporal fenestrae

reptiles and birds

Question 12

Anapsid

Answer 12

No temporal fenestrae

some turtles

Question 13

Endothermy

Answer 13

Ability of an organism to generate and maintain body heat through internal metabolic processes

Common in birds and mammals

Question 14

Acrodont

Answer 14

A type of tooth attachment where the teeth are fused to the upper edge of the jawbone without sockets

Question 15

Parthenogenesis

Answer 15

A type of sexual reproduction where the offspring are produced without fert. by a male.

Common in insects fish and reptiles

Question 16

Fenestra

Answer 16

An opening or hole in a bone, commonly in the skull. Important in defining different types of vertebrates

Question 17

Pneumatization

Answer 17

The presence of air spaces within bones. In birds it helps reduce weight without compromising much strength

Question 18

Tranisitional fossil

Answer 18

Fossils that show intermediate characteristics between different groups, demonstrating the evolutionary transition from one form to another

Question 19

Lactation

Answer 19

production and secretion of milk from mammary glands

Unique to mammals

Question 20

Crypsis

Answer 20

Avoid detection by predators, allows to blend in with the environment

Question 21

Batesian mimicry

Answer 21

a harmless species evolves to imitate the warning signals of a harmful or unpalatable species

Question 22

Opisthoglyphous

Answer 22

Long, hollow, hinged fangs at the front of the mouth, allowing for deep penetration and efficient venom delivery

Vipers, pit vipers, rattlesnakes, cottonmouths

Question 23

Proteroglyphous

Answer 23

Shorter, fixed fangs at the front of the mouth, with a hollow structure for direct venom injection

Elapids, cobras, coral snakes, mambas

Question 24

Solenoglyphous

Answer 24

Long, hollow, hinged fangs at the front of the mouth, allowing for deep penetration and efficient venom delivery.

Vipers, pit vipers, rattlesnakes, cottonmouths.

Question 25

Oviparous

Answer 25

Animals that lay eggs, with the embryos developing and hatching outside the mother's body. The female lays the eggs, which contain all the nutrients the embryos need for development ## Footnote Most reptiles, birds, amphibians, and some fish

Question 26

Viviparous

Answer 26

Animals that give birth to live young. The embryos develop inside the mother's body, with nutrients provided directly from the mother, often via a placenta or similar structure ## Footnote Most mammals, some reptiles, and a few species of fish and amphibians

Question 27

Precocial

Answer 27

Offspring that are relatively mature and mobile at birth or hatching. They typically have well-developed sensory and motor skills, and are capable of some level of independence ## Footnote Ducks, chickens, horses, and many ungulates

Question 28

Altricial

Answer 28

Offspring that are born or hatched in an undeveloped state. They are often blind, helpless, and dependent on parental care for a period of time until they grow and develop further ## Footnote Most songbirds, cats, dogs, and many rodents

Question 29

Keeled Sternum

Answer 29

Attachment site for flight muscles

Question 30

Synsacrum

Answer 30

a unit formed by the fusion of the posterior thoracic, lumbar, and sacral vertebrae. Fusions of these bones make birds sturdy and indirectly lighter by decreasing the number of muscles necessary to control individual vertebrae

Question 31

Autotomy

Answer 31

Skin or tail can be broken off to evade predators

Question 32

Furcula

Answer 32

supports flight in birds

Question 33

Pinnae

Answer 33

are the external parts of the ears that are visible and prominent in many mammals, including humans. They play a crucial role in hearing by capturing sound waves and funneling them into the ear canal