Week 8 - Muscle Relaxants Flashcards
- An Anesthetic is a drug used to induce a loss of sensation with or without unconsciousness
- Adjunct or Pre-Anesthetic is a drug that is not a true anesthetic, but that is used during anesthesia
to produce other desired effects such as sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, reversal,
neuromuscular blockade, or parasympathetic blockade
Used prior to the administration of an anesthetic agent to make anesthesia safe and
more agreeable to the patient.
Used: - For sedation, to reduce anxiety and apprehension
- To obtain an additive or synergistic effect so that induction could be smooth and rapid
- To counteract certain adverse effects of anesthetic drug
- To relieve from pain
^^ already have these definitions I think?
Opioids provide analgesia
Tranquilizers provide pre-operative sedation and amnesia
and help to prevent or counteract the CNS
stimulation caused by some anesthetics
Central muscle relaxants provide muscle relaxation during anesthesia
Anticholinergic agents prevent profuse salivation and bradycardia
^ already have these definitions I think
The opioids _____ and ______ provide analgesia.
Morphine
Butorphanol
The tranquilizers ___________ (_________) and __________ (_________) provide pre-operative sedation and amnesia
and help to prevent or counteract the CNS stimulation caused by some anesthetics.
Phenothiazine: Acepromazine (D2)
Benzodiazepines: Diazepam (GABA)
Pre- and post-anesthetic (peri-anesthetic) medications are essential to safe anesthetic management
When used appropriately, pre-anesthetic medications can minimize _____, __________ depression, and the ______ effects produced by anesthetic administration
stress, cardiopulmonary, adverse
Pre-anesthetic medications generally include combinations of drugs from multiple categories including:
Pre-Anesthetic α2 – Adrenergic Agonists produce ?
sedation, stupor, analgesia, and muscle relaxation without producing general anesthesia
Examples of Pre-Anesthetic α2 – Adrenergic Agonists include?
Pre-Anesthetic α2 – Adrenergic Agonists are
* __________ agents
* Produce?
* _____ and _____ animals (particularly?)
* Administration: ___ or ___
* Administered _____ to _____ procedures
* Readily reversed with ___-_____
Non-controlled, Sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation, Large, small, dogs, cats, horses, IM, IV, prior, minor, α2-antagonists
alpha2 - Agonists
Pharmacological Effects on the CNS
CNS: dose-dependent sedation
Analgesia: short-acting (30 min)
alpha2 - Agonists
Pharmacological Effects on the Cardiovascular system (Early phase)
Early phase: dose-dependent vasoconstriction & hypertension –>
Bradycardia, Cardiac arrhythmias
alpha2 - Agonists
Pharmacological Effects on the Cardiovascular system (Late phase)
Late phase: decrease cardiac output –> Hypotension and further bradycardia
alpha2 - Agonists
Pharmacological Effects on the GI system
bloat ( dogs, cattle, horses)
alpha2 - Agonists
Pharmacological Effects on the Respiratory system
Respiratory system: Dose-dependent depression
List some other effects of alpha2 Agonists
1. Muscle ______
2. ______ effect of other Anesthetics
3. ______, immediate response in dogs and cats
4. _______ transient
5. ______
6. ________ labor(last semester)
7. _______ (horses)
9. Absorbed via ___
10.Avoid in ? patients
11. Administer ______ 10-20 min prior
relaxation, Potentiate, Vomiting, Vomiting, Hypothermia, Premature, Sweating, skin, geriatric, diabetic, pregnant, pediatric, or ill , anticholinergics
Don’t necessarily have to remember this; just know that alpha 2 acts on many tissues and can lead to adverse effects
alpha2 - Agonists
Adverse Effects on the CNS
CNS : change in behavior (varies with species)
alpha2 - Agonists
Adverse Effects on the Cardiovascular System
Cardiovascular:
bradycardia
hypotension
alpha2 - Agonists
Adverse Effects on the Respiratory System
Respiratory system:
Depression: variable in different animals
More severe if given with other drugs
α2 - Agonists
* Xylazine
* Medetomidine hydrochloride (Domitor R )
* Detomidine (for sedation of large animals)
* Romifidine
* Dexmedetomidine (DexdomitorR )
Xylazine: is a sedative that provides ____ relief as well as muscle _____ in ____. It stimulates ___ receptors of the ______ NS, decrease release of ___ aka no “?” response.
- Administration results in ?
- Metabolized in ____, excreted in ___
- ___ sedation; __-__ ___ duration
pain, relaxation, dogs, α2, sympathetic, NE, fight-or-flight
sedation, analgesia, bradycardia, hypotension, and hypothermia, liver, urine, Rapid, 1-2 hr
Xylazine is a ______ with ______ and muscle _____
properties in animals. ______ are more sensitive to the effects
than are most other species. ____ are more sensitive than are other ruminants.
Note: ( ____ concentrations small-animal formulations should be used). The dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV is effective for most ruminants
sedative, analgesic, relaxant, Ruminants, Goats, low
Domitor (_______)
* More potent & selective & commonly used in Vet Med
* ___-______ with sedative and analgesic properties
* Similar but more ____ and ____ than Xylazine
* Registered for use in animals only, prescription drug
* Used as ____ and _____ in cats and dogs
* After IV: effects are seen in __ ___
* After IM: effects are seen in ___-___ min
* Despite appearing completely sedated, animals can still ___, even ___, ___ or ____,
in response to ____ stimulation
Medetomidine, α2- Agonist, potent, safer, sedative, analgesic, 5 min, 10-15, move, kick, bite, scratch, sharp
More potent because are more specific to receptors? than Xylazine
Adverse effects of Domitor (Medetomidine)
* _____ heart rate
* ___ body temperature
* ____ breathing rate
* ______
Slowed, Low, Slowed, Vomiting
