Immunostimulants Flashcards
IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY is defined as a part
of pharmacology that deals with drugs _____ on ________
system, and, in addition, with the pharmacological actions of
substances _________ from the _______ system.
action, immune, derived, immune
Immune System : normally occurring protective mechanism that helps the body defend itself against potentially harmful agents (“immunis” = safe)
▪ May perceive normally harmless substances, such as ______ or
the person’s own body ________, as harmful invaders and try to eliminate them (_______, _______ disease)
▪ May be ______ or become _____ as a consequence of ____________ influences such as tumor microenvironment (______).
allergens, tissues, allergy, autoimmune, weak, weak, suppressive, cancer
List the primary lymphoid tissues
Bone marrow
Thymus
Bone marrow contains ___________ hematopoietic stem cells
pluripotent
Thymus is the center of?
T-cell maturation
List the secondary lymphoid tissues
Spleen
Lymph nodes
The spleen is the center of blood ________/____, ______ system
filtration, iron, immune, If you remove spleen, animal is more susceptible to infections.
Lymph nodes filter, store, and activate?
B and T cells
The Innate Immune System is _______-__________.
Physical barriers = 1st line of defense
Examples:
Skin
Mucous membranes
Saliva
Urine and tears
Stomach acids
Inflammatory phagocytes:
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Basophils
Eosinophils
Natural killer cells
Non-specific.
The Adaptive Immune system is ________. The _____-mediated response and the _______ response are apart of the adaptive immune system
Specific, cell, humoral
What makes up the cell-mediated response?
T-lymphocytes, including suppressor, helper, and cytotoxic T cells
The Humoral response is executed by?
B-lymphocytes, such as antibodies (Igs)
The innate immune response acts?
Rapidly
The adaptive immune response acts?
Slowly
What cells initiate the innate immune response?
Natural killer cells, professional phagocytes
What cells initiate adaptive immunity?
B-cells, T-cells
Chart for innate and adaptive immunity
Adaptive immune system is composed of specialized __________
cells and processes that __________ pathogens or prevent their _________.
systemic, eliminate, growth
What are the two major characteristics of the adaptive immune response?
Specificity and memory
Cell-mediated immunity relies on _____ contact between immune cells and the pathogen. Controlled by ___________ ___ cells
direct, activated T
Humoral immune response is an __________-mediated response that relies on __________ to convey signals between cells of the __________ system. Controlled by ____________ ___ cells
antibody, antibodies, immune, activated B
Helper T cells —> CD___+/TCR bind to MHC ___ —> Th __ —> IL-__, IFN- ______, TNF- _____(these molecules are targeted by drugs)
4, II, 1, 2, gamma, alpha
Cytotoxic T cells —> CD__+/TCR binds to MHC ___ —> IL-? (these molecules are targeted by drugs)
8, I, 4,5,10,13
Immunomodulators are _________ or ________ substances that ________ or _______ the immune response
Natural, synthetic, modulate, modify
Immunostimulants act to __________ body’s resistance against infections.
▪ ________
▪ _________
Enhance, Vaccines, Interferons
Immunosuporessants act to ___________ the immune system to reduce the risk of ____________ of foreign bodies or super active immune system
▪ Organ _________
▪ ____________ diseases (e.g.?)
suppress, rejection, transplants, Autoimmune, rheumatoid arthritis
Immunomodulators, by themselves or with another agent, may be appropriate in the following treatment situations:
▪ ___________ or _____________ to antibiotics or corticosteroids
▪ _________-dependent disease or frequent need for ________
▪ ________ (around the _______) disease that does not respond to antibiotics
▪ To _______ or ______ the effect of a biologic drug and prevent the development of _________ to biologic drugs
▪ To prevent ________ after surgery
Nonresponse, intolerance, Steroid, steroids, Perianal, anus, bolster, optimize, resistance, recurrence
Nonspecific immunostimulation has progressed from crude microbially derived substances to chemically defined drugs with selective effects on different components of the immune system. We can now describe how immunopharmacological analyses of structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have directed the effective use
of these agents in disease models and suggest that they may be of value in combination with other therapies in the treatment of immunodeficiencies, cancer, infections and autoimmune disorders
Specific immunostimulants, such as _______, ______ an
immune response to _______ antigenic types.
vaccines, stimulate, specific
Non-specific immunostimulants do not have antigenic _______
and are widely used in _______ infections, __________,
__________ and ________ diseases
specificity, chronic, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, neoplastic
Examples of Endogenous Immunostimulants include?
❖ Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF)
❖ Interferons
❖ Interleukins
Recombinant DNA technology creates molecules to stimulate immune system. E.g. recombinant IFN is used in vet med. For what?
Exogenous Immunostimulants are ______ drugs that come from:
❖ _______ derivatives
❖ _______ derivatives
❖ _____________ as immunostimulants
❖ ________ derivatives
❖ Other
synthetic, Bacterial, Plant, Anthelmintics, Virus
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) induces ________ _______ to produce _________.
bone marrow, neutrophils
G-CSF are used for?
▪ _______ and _____ infections in dogs and cats, e.g.?
▪ Chemotherapy-induced ____________ (lymphoma)
▪ __________ of the bone marrow
▪ _______ _______ immune-mediated aplasia
▪ Immune-mediated _____ (rare condition that affects dogs)
Immunostimulants: endogenous
______-CSF
_____-CSF
Bacterial, viral, Canine ehrlichiosis, ➢ Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), myelosuppression, Neoplasia, Bone marrow, neutropenia
rHuG, rCaG
Interferons (IFNs) are ___________ produced by host cells that are infected with viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and other unknown pathogens. Interferons also _______ other cells that serve as part of the immune system and destroy invading pathogens.
cytokines, activate
The biological effects of IFNs result primarily from ?
the IFN-inducible proteins in responsive cells (systems)
Interferons are classed as: alpha (IFNα, from _____ cells), beta (IFNβ, from ____) and gamma (IFNγ, from _______)
• Interferons enhance the immune system in many ways so can be used to treat different conditions involving the immune system
white, fibroblasts, lymphocytes
Interferons enhance the immune system in many ways so can be used to treat different conditions involving the immune system
Interferons
rHuIFN-α: recombinant ____ (not for a long-term use)
rFeIFN-ω: recombinant _____
^ two above: Enhance _______ activity
Uses:
➢ Feline leukemia virus (FeLV)
➢ Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)
➢ Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
➢ Herpesvirus (IFN-ω)
➢ Feline Calicivirus (IFN-ω) (very common in shelters, affects young cats; omega is used in shelter medicine)
human, feline, antiviral
Omega: first license to use in cats
Alpha: has some side effects
IL-2: _________ human, enhances ________ immune response.
Is used in canine _________.
What are the adverse effects?
recombinant, antitumor, neoplasia, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy
Problem with human recombinant protein in animals can lead to:
Cats develop Ab for the foreign, human recombinant protein, Ab get degraded so drug efficacy is limited.
✓ ImmunoRegulinR
✓ EqStimR
➢ Derived from?
–> MOA: P. acnes bacterin is a ___-specific immunostimulant:
▪ stimulates ____ activity
▪ activates __________ to produce IL-__,___ and TNF-___ ( T-lymphocyte function)
–> Uses: as an adjunct treatment for
▪ Acute and chronic canine ____________ pyoderma
▪ Feline ___________ infection and ____ (extra-label)
▪ Bacterial and viral respiratory tract infections in _____
–> Adverse effects:
▪ Mild ______, _______
▪ ______ can occur in dogs and cats
Proprionibacterium acnes bacterin
P. acnes bacterin is a non-specific immunostimulant:
▪ stimulates NK activity
▪ activates macrophages to produce IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα ( T-lymphocyte function)
Uses: as an adjunct treatment for
▪ Acute and chronic canine staphylococcal pyoderma
▪ Feline rhinotracheitis infection and FeLV (extra-label)
▪ Bacterial and viral respiratory tract infections in horses
Adverse effects:
▪ Mild fever, lethargy
▪ Vomiting can occur in dogs and cats
The following drugs: ✓ Staphage lysate (SPLR), ✓ S. Aureus bacterin-toxoid (Staphoid ABR) are derived from?
–> MOA: Activation of ________ cells and stimulation of __-lymphocytes
–> Uses: SPLR: As an adjunct therapy in dogs wit __________ superficial pyoderma
and related staphylococcal ________ in dogs
Also for Staphoid ABR: for prevention of staphylococcal _______ in cattle
–> Adverse effects: ?
Bacterial Derivatives:
➢ Staphylococcus aureus bacterins
✓ Staphage lysate (SPLR)
✓ S. Aureus bacterin-toxoid (Staphoid ABR)
MOA: Activation of phagocytic cells and stimulation of T-lymphocytes
Uses:
SPLR: As an adjunct therapy in dogs wit recurrent superficial pyoderma
and related staphylococcal hypersensitivity in dogs
Staphoid ABR: for prevention of staphylococcal mastitis in cattle
Adverse effects: Fever, injection site reactions, lethargy, weakness
The following drugs:
✓ EquimuneR
✓ Muramyl tripeptide (MTP) - Mifamurtide
✓ RegressinR-V
✓ ImmunocidinR
Are derived from?
–> MOA:
▪ IL-___ release from macrophages
▪ _____-mediated effects on macrophages and dendritic cells
▪ activation of _____-cell cytotoxicity
–> Uses:
1. EquimuneR: equine ____ and ______ _______ infections
2. MTP: as an adjunct treatment for canine ________, _______, malignant ______
3. RegressinR: ________ adenocarcinomas in dogs
–> Adverse effects: Fever, lethargy, and injection site reactions
Mycobacterial Cell Wall Extracts:
✓ EquimuneR
✓ Muramyl tripeptide (MTP) - Mifamurtide
✓ RegressinR-V
✓ ImmunocidinR
MOA:
▪ IL-1 release from macrophages
▪ TLR-mediated effects on macrophages and dendritic cells
▪ activation of NK-cell cytotoxicity
Uses: E: equine viral and bacterial respiratory infections
M: as an adjunct treatment for canine
osteosarcoma,
Hemangiosarcoma
malignant melanoma
R: mammary adenocarcinomas in dogs
Adverse effects: Fever, lethargy, and injection site reactions
Mycobacteria cell wall is very different, high in lipids, and can be used as an immuno stimulant
Wall extracts are also called wall fractions are used for non-specific stimulation of immune system.
Plant Derivatives:
✓ Acemannan is extracted from ____ _____ leaves
MOA:
▪ Stimulates macrophages to produce IL-__, ___ TNF___, and _______ ______
▪ Enhances ___ cell and __-lymphocytes activity
▪ _______ activity
▪ _______ activity
Uses:
▪ To treat ________ in cats and dogs
▪ Also: in boost immune system in ___ and ___
Adverse effects: ?
aloe vera, 1, 6, α, nitric oxide (NO), NK, T, Antiviral, Antineoplastic
fibrosarcomas, FeLV, FIV
DaD Packs Christine’s Toys
▪ Anorexia
▪ Diarrhea
▪ Depression
▪ Tachycardia
▪ Collapse
▪ Pain at injection site
❖Anthelmintics as Immunostimulants
____________: synthetic antinematodal drug
–> MOA: _______ understood : Enhance ___________ by monocytes, Restore ___-mediated immunity
Uses:
▪ As a vaccine ___________
▪ Canine _________, __________, __________ diseases
▪ Canine chronic _________
▪ Feline plasma-cell _______/________
▪ Pregnant mares for boosting ___ production
Adverse effects: ____ margin of safety:
▪ ________toxicity
▪ _____ disturbance
▪ Pulmonary ______
▪ _________, _________ (cats)
Levamisole, poorly, phygocytosis, cell
Uses:
▪ As a vaccine adjuvant
▪ Canine microbial, fungal, neoplastic diseases
▪ Canine chronic pyoderma
▪ Feline plasma-cell gingivitis/pharyngitis
▪ Pregnant mares for boosting IgG production
Adverse effects: Low margin of safety:
▪ Neurotoxicity
▪ GI disturbance
▪ Pulmonary edema
▪ Mydriasis, hypersalivation (cats)
✓ ZylexisR contains inactivated ORF from the virus ________ ____
MOA:
(contains __________ Orf virus)
▪ Stimulates ____ cell activity
▪ _______
▪ IL-___, TNF__, IFN__, and __-____ release
▪ Th1-type cytokine response: regulation of IL-?
▪ Th2-type response: Induction of IL-?
Uses: In the prevention of ___-associated infection in horses & ____ virus EHV- __ and EHV-__ infections
Adverse effects: ______ reported
Parapoxvirus ovis, inactivated, NK, Phygocytosis, 2, α, γ, G-CSF, 12 & IL-18, 4 and IL-10
stress, Herpes, 1, 4, None
Classes of immunostimulants include bacterial vaccines, colony stimulating factors,
interferons, interleukins, therapeutic vaccines, vaccine combinations and viral
vaccines. Immunostimulants that do not fit into these classes are categorized as other
immunostimulants.
Therapeutic vaccines are vaccines which are intended to treat or cure a disorder or
disease by stimulating the immune system. Therapeutic vaccines may be used to treat
certain types of cancer, by stimulating the body’s immune system to help it respond against
certain cancer cells.
Vaccine combinations merge antigens that prevent different diseases or that protect
against multiple strains of infectious agents causing the same disease, into a single product.
This reduces the number of injections required to prevent some diseases.
Viral vaccines contain either inactivated viruses or attenuated (alive but not capable of causing disease)
viruses. Inactivated or killed viral vaccines contain viruses, which have lost their ability to replicate and in
order for it to bring about a response it contains more antigen than live vaccines. Attenuated or live
vaccines contain the live form of the virus. These viruses are not pathogenic but are able to induce an
immune response
