Immunostimulants

Question 1

IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY is defined as a part
of pharmacology that deals with drugs _____ on ________
system, and, in addition, with the pharmacological actions of
substances _________ from the _______ system.

Answer 1

action, immune, derived, immune

Question 2

Immune System : normally occurring protective mechanism that helps the body defend itself against potentially harmful agents (“immunis” = safe)
▪ May perceive normally harmless substances, such as ______ or
the person’s own body ________, as harmful invaders and try to eliminate them (_______, _______ disease)
▪ May be ______ or become _____ as a consequence of ____________ influences such as tumor microenvironment (______).

Answer 2

allergens, tissues, allergy, autoimmune, weak, weak, suppressive, cancer

Question 3

List the primary lymphoid tissues

Answer 3

Bone marrow
Thymus

Question 4

Bone marrow contains ___________ hematopoietic stem cells

Answer 4

pluripotent

Question 5

Thymus is the center of?

Answer 5

T-cell maturation

Question 6

List the secondary lymphoid tissues

Answer 6

Spleen
Lymph nodes

Question 7

The spleen is the center of blood ________/____, ______ system

Answer 7

filtration, iron, immune, If you remove spleen, animal is more susceptible to infections.

Question 8

Lymph nodes filter, store, and activate?

Answer 8

B and T cells

Question 9

The Innate Immune System is _______-__________.

Physical barriers = 1st line of defense
Examples:
Skin
Mucous membranes
Saliva
Urine and tears
Stomach acids

Inflammatory phagocytes:
Neutrophils
Macrophages
Basophils
Eosinophils
Natural killer cells

Answer 9

Non-specific.

Question 10

The Adaptive Immune system is ________. The _____-mediated response and the _______ response are apart of the adaptive immune system

Answer 10

Specific, cell, humoral

Question 11

What makes up the cell-mediated response?

Answer 11

T-lymphocytes, including suppressor, helper, and cytotoxic T cells

Question 12

The Humoral response is executed by?

Answer 12

B-lymphocytes, such as antibodies (Igs)

Question 13

The innate immune response acts?

Answer 13

Rapidly

Question 14

The adaptive immune response acts?

Answer 14

Slowly

Question 15

What cells initiate the innate immune response?

Answer 15

Natural killer cells, professional phagocytes

Question 16

What cells initiate adaptive immunity?

Answer 16

B-cells, T-cells

Question 17

Chart for innate and adaptive immunity

Question 18

Adaptive immune system is composed of specialized __________
cells and processes that __________ pathogens or prevent their _________.

Answer 18

systemic, eliminate, growth

Question 19

What are the two major characteristics of the adaptive immune response?

Answer 19

Specificity and memory

Question 20

Cell-mediated immunity relies on _____ contact between immune cells and the pathogen. Controlled by ___________ ___ cells

Answer 20

direct, activated T

Question 21

Humoral immune response is an __________-mediated response that relies on __________ to convey signals between cells of the __________ system. Controlled by ____________ ___ cells

Answer 21

antibody, antibodies, immune, activated B

Question 22

Helper T cells —> CD___+/TCR bind to MHC ___ —> Th __ —> IL-__, IFN- ______, TNF- _____(these molecules are targeted by drugs)

Answer 22

4, II, 1, 2, gamma, alpha

Question 23

Cytotoxic T cells —> CD__+/TCR binds to MHC ___ —> IL-? (these molecules are targeted by drugs)

Answer 23

8, I, 4,5,10,13

Question 24

Immunomodulators are _________ or ________ substances that ________ or _______ the immune response

Answer 24

Natural, synthetic, modulate, modify

Question 25

Immunostimulants act to __________ body’s resistance against infections. ▪ ________ ▪ _________

Answer 25

Enhance, Vaccines, Interferons

Question 26

Immunosuporessants act to ___________ the immune system to reduce the risk of ____________ of foreign bodies or super active immune system ▪ Organ _________ ▪ ____________ diseases (e.g.?)

Answer 26

suppress, rejection, transplants, Autoimmune, rheumatoid arthritis

Question 27

Immunomodulators, by themselves or with another agent, may be appropriate in the following treatment situations: ▪ ___________ or _____________ to antibiotics or corticosteroids ▪ _________-dependent disease or frequent need for ________ ▪ ________ (around the _______) disease that does not respond to antibiotics ▪ To _______ or ______ the effect of a biologic drug and prevent the development of _________ to biologic drugs ▪ To prevent ________ after surgery

Answer 27

Nonresponse, intolerance, Steroid, steroids, Perianal, anus, bolster, optimize, resistance, recurrence

Question 28

Nonspecific immunostimulation has progressed from crude microbially derived substances to chemically defined drugs with selective effects on different components of the immune system. We can now describe how immunopharmacological analyses of structure-activity relationships, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics have directed the effective use of these agents in disease models and suggest that they may be of value in combination with other therapies in the treatment of immunodeficiencies, cancer, infections and autoimmune disorders

Question 29

Specific immunostimulants, such as _______, ______ an immune response to _______ antigenic types.

Answer 29

vaccines, stimulate, specific

Question 30

Non-specific immunostimulants do not have antigenic _______ and are widely used in _______ infections, __________, __________ and ________ diseases

Answer 30

specificity, chronic, immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, neoplastic

Question 31

Examples of Endogenous Immunostimulants include?

Answer 31

❖ Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) ❖ Interferons ❖ Interleukins Recombinant DNA technology creates molecules to stimulate immune system. E.g. recombinant IFN is used in vet med. For what?

Question 32

Exogenous Immunostimulants are ______ drugs that come from: ❖ _______ derivatives ❖ _______ derivatives ❖ _____________ as immunostimulants ❖ ________ derivatives ❖ Other

Answer 32

synthetic, Bacterial, Plant, Anthelmintics, Virus

Question 33

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) induces ________ _______ to produce _________.

Answer 33

bone marrow, neutrophils

Question 34

G-CSF are used for? ▪ _______ and _____ infections in dogs and cats, e.g.? ▪ Chemotherapy-induced ____________ (lymphoma) ▪ __________ of the bone marrow ▪ _______ _______ immune-mediated aplasia ▪ Immune-mediated _____ (rare condition that affects dogs) Immunostimulants: endogenous ______-CSF _____-CSF

Answer 34

Bacterial, viral, Canine ehrlichiosis, ➢ Feline leukemia virus (FeLV), Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), myelosuppression, Neoplasia, Bone marrow, neutropenia rHuG, rCaG

Question 35

Interferons (IFNs) are ___________ produced by host cells that are infected with viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi and other unknown pathogens. Interferons also _______ other cells that serve as part of the immune system and destroy invading pathogens.

Answer 35

cytokines, activate

Question 36

The biological effects of IFNs result primarily from ?

Answer 36

the IFN-inducible proteins in responsive cells (systems)

Question 37

Interferons are classed as: alpha (IFNα, from _____ cells), beta (IFNβ, from ____) and gamma (IFNγ, from _______) • Interferons enhance the immune system in many ways so can be used to treat different conditions involving the immune system

Answer 37

white, fibroblasts, lymphocytes

Question 38

Interferons enhance the immune system in many ways so can be used to treat different conditions involving the immune system

Question 39

Interferons rHuIFN-α: recombinant ____ (not for a long-term use) rFeIFN-ω: recombinant _____ ^ two above: Enhance _______ activity Uses: ➢ Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) ➢ Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) ➢ Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) ➢ Herpesvirus (IFN-ω) ➢ Feline Calicivirus (IFN-ω) (very common in shelters, affects young cats; omega is used in shelter medicine)

Answer 39

human, feline, antiviral Omega: first license to use in cats Alpha: has some side effects

Question 40

IL-2: _________ human, enhances ________ immune response. Is used in canine _________. What are the adverse effects?

Answer 40

recombinant, antitumor, neoplasia, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy Problem with human recombinant protein in animals can lead to: Cats develop Ab for the foreign, human recombinant protein, Ab get degraded so drug efficacy is limited.

Question 41

✓ ImmunoRegulinR ✓ EqStimR ➢ Derived from? --> MOA: P. acnes bacterin is a ___-specific immunostimulant: ▪ stimulates ____ activity ▪ activates __________ to produce IL-__,___ and TNF-___ ( T-lymphocyte function) --> Uses: as an adjunct treatment for ▪ Acute and chronic canine ____________ pyoderma ▪ Feline ___________ infection and ____ (extra-label) ▪ Bacterial and viral respiratory tract infections in _____ --> Adverse effects: ▪ Mild ______, _______ ▪ ______ can occur in dogs and cats

Answer 41

Proprionibacterium acnes bacterin P. acnes bacterin is a non-specific immunostimulant: ▪ stimulates NK activity ▪ activates macrophages to produce IL-1, IL-6, and TNFα ( T-lymphocyte function) Uses: as an adjunct treatment for ▪ Acute and chronic canine staphylococcal pyoderma ▪ Feline rhinotracheitis infection and FeLV (extra-label) ▪ Bacterial and viral respiratory tract infections in horses Adverse effects: ▪ Mild fever, lethargy ▪ Vomiting can occur in dogs and cats

Question 42

The following drugs: ✓ Staphage lysate (SPLR), ✓ S. Aureus bacterin-toxoid (Staphoid ABR) are derived from? --> MOA: Activation of ________ cells and stimulation of __-lymphocytes --> Uses: SPLR: As an adjunct therapy in dogs wit __________ superficial pyoderma and related staphylococcal ________ in dogs Also for Staphoid ABR: for prevention of staphylococcal _______ in cattle --> Adverse effects: ?

Answer 42

Bacterial Derivatives: ➢ Staphylococcus aureus bacterins ✓ Staphage lysate (SPLR) ✓ S. Aureus bacterin-toxoid (Staphoid ABR) MOA: Activation of phagocytic cells and stimulation of T-lymphocytes Uses: SPLR: As an adjunct therapy in dogs wit recurrent superficial pyoderma and related staphylococcal hypersensitivity in dogs Staphoid ABR: for prevention of staphylococcal mastitis in cattle Adverse effects: Fever, injection site reactions, lethargy, weakness

Question 43

The following drugs: ✓ EquimuneR ✓ Muramyl tripeptide (MTP) - Mifamurtide ✓ RegressinR-V ✓ ImmunocidinR Are derived from? --> MOA: ▪ IL-___ release from macrophages ▪ _____-mediated effects on macrophages and dendritic cells ▪ activation of _____-cell cytotoxicity --> Uses: 1. EquimuneR: equine ____ and ______ _______ infections 2. MTP: as an adjunct treatment for canine ________, _______, malignant ______ 3. RegressinR: ________ adenocarcinomas in dogs --> Adverse effects: Fever, lethargy, and injection site reactions

Answer 43

Mycobacterial Cell Wall Extracts: ✓ EquimuneR ✓ Muramyl tripeptide (MTP) - Mifamurtide ✓ RegressinR-V ✓ ImmunocidinR MOA: ▪ IL-1 release from macrophages ▪ TLR-mediated effects on macrophages and dendritic cells ▪ activation of NK-cell cytotoxicity Uses: E: equine viral and bacterial respiratory infections M: as an adjunct treatment for canine osteosarcoma, Hemangiosarcoma malignant melanoma R: mammary adenocarcinomas in dogs Adverse effects: Fever, lethargy, and injection site reactions Mycobacteria cell wall is very different, high in lipids, and can be used as an immuno stimulant Wall extracts are also called wall fractions are used for non-specific stimulation of immune system.

Question 44

Plant Derivatives: ✓ Acemannan is extracted from ____ _____ leaves MOA: ▪ Stimulates macrophages to produce IL-__, ___ TNF___, and _______ ______ ▪ Enhances ___ cell and __-lymphocytes activity ▪ _______ activity ▪ _______ activity Uses: ▪ To treat ________ in cats and dogs ▪ Also: in boost immune system in ___ and ___ Adverse effects: ?

Answer 44

aloe vera, 1, 6, α, nitric oxide (NO), NK, T, Antiviral, Antineoplastic fibrosarcomas, FeLV, FIV DaD Packs Christine's Toys ▪ Anorexia ▪ Diarrhea ▪ Depression ▪ Tachycardia ▪ Collapse ▪ Pain at injection site

Question 45

❖Anthelmintics as Immunostimulants ____________: synthetic antinematodal drug --> MOA: _______ understood : Enhance ___________ by monocytes, Restore ___-mediated immunity Uses: ▪ As a vaccine ___________ ▪ Canine _________, __________, __________ diseases ▪ Canine chronic _________ ▪ Feline plasma-cell _______/________ ▪ Pregnant mares for boosting ___ production Adverse effects: ____ margin of safety: ▪ ________toxicity ▪ _____ disturbance ▪ Pulmonary ______ ▪ _________, _________ (cats)

Answer 45

Levamisole, poorly, phygocytosis, cell Uses: ▪ As a vaccine adjuvant ▪ Canine microbial, fungal, neoplastic diseases ▪ Canine chronic pyoderma ▪ Feline plasma-cell gingivitis/pharyngitis ▪ Pregnant mares for boosting IgG production Adverse effects: Low margin of safety: ▪ Neurotoxicity ▪ GI disturbance ▪ Pulmonary edema ▪ Mydriasis, hypersalivation (cats)

Question 46

✓ ZylexisR contains inactivated ORF from the virus ________ ____ MOA: (contains __________ Orf virus) ▪ Stimulates ____ cell activity ▪ _______ ▪ IL-___, TNF__, IFN__, and __-____ release ▪ Th1-type cytokine response: regulation of IL-? ▪ Th2-type response: Induction of IL-? Uses: In the prevention of ___-associated infection in horses & ____ virus EHV- __ and EHV-__ infections Adverse effects: ______ reported

Answer 46

Parapoxvirus ovis, inactivated, NK, Phygocytosis, 2, α, γ, G-CSF, 12 & IL-18, 4 and IL-10 stress, Herpes, 1, 4, None

Question 47

Classes of immunostimulants include bacterial vaccines, colony stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, therapeutic vaccines, vaccine combinations and viral vaccines. Immunostimulants that do not fit into these classes are categorized as other immunostimulants. Therapeutic vaccines are vaccines which are intended to treat or cure a disorder or disease by stimulating the immune system. Therapeutic vaccines may be used to treat certain types of cancer, by stimulating the body's immune system to help it respond against certain cancer cells. Vaccine combinations merge antigens that prevent different diseases or that protect against multiple strains of infectious agents causing the same disease, into a single product. This reduces the number of injections required to prevent some diseases. Viral vaccines contain either inactivated viruses or attenuated (alive but not capable of causing disease) viruses. Inactivated or killed viral vaccines contain viruses, which have lost their ability to replicate and in order for it to bring about a response it contains more antigen than live vaccines. Attenuated or live vaccines contain the live form of the virus. These viruses are not pathogenic but are able to induce an immune response