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Intro to Pharmacology > Week 5 - CNS Drugs Introduction > Flashcards

Week 5 - CNS Drugs Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

CNS acting drugs have a major ______/____ and ____ (psychological) importance

A

therapeutic/clinical, mental

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2
Q

CNS acting drugs can produce diverse pharmacological & psychological effects. List some examples

A

 Relief of Pain
 Induction to Anesthesia
 Prevention of Epileptic Seizures
 Treatment of Depression
 Reduction of Anxiety
 Special importance (humans): recreational uses addiction/overdose
(alcohol, tea and coffee, nicotine, cannabis, ecstasy, opioids, cocaine, amphetamines)

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3
Q

CNS agents are medicines that affect the ___

A

CNS

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4
Q

CNS drugs affect the brain’s ____ and _____ of neurotransmitters (NT)

A

use, output

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5
Q

Drugs speed up the production of ____

A

NT

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6
Q

Drugs slow down _______ of NTs

A

production

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7
Q

Drugs mimic ____

A

NTs

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8
Q

CNS Drugs: Types

A
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9
Q

The Nervous System (NS

A

divided into CNS and PNS

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10
Q

The Organization of Nervous System (NS

A
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11
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

PSNS = rest and digest
Sympathetic = fight or flight

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12
Q

The BRAIN

A
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13
Q

A Nerve is formed of _______ tissue (______ plus blood _______)

A

nervous, neurons, vessels

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14
Q

Efferent nerve: nerves that conduct signals _____ the CNS along _____ neurons to their _______ muscles and glands

A

from, motor, target

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15
Q

Afferent nerve: carries nerve impulses _____ sensory receptors or sense organs ______ the CNS

A

from, toward

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16
Q

Mixed nerve: nerves that contain both _______ and _______ axons, and thus conduct both _______ sensory information and ______ muscle commands in the _____ bundle

A

afferent, efferent, incoming, outgoing, same

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17
Q

Spinal nerve: _____ nerve that carries ______, _______, and _____ signals between the spinal cord and the body

A

mixed, motor, sensory, autonomic

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18
Q

The building blocks of the CNS are two types of cells: ?

A

Neurons and Glial cells

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19
Q

Neurons are specialized nerve cells that can _______ and ____ chemical and electrical signals

A

receive, transmit

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20
Q

Glial cells or neuroglia: (support functions)?

A

 Astrocytes
 Oligodendrocytes (provide myelin for many axons)
 Microglial cells
 Ependymal cells

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21
Q

The structure of a neuron

A
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22
Q

Communication within neurons

A
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23
Q

How do Neurons Communicate?

A

The process is occurring via orchestrated chemical
(release of neurotransmitters) and electrical (alteration of
neuronal membrane potential) actions

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24
Q

Action potentials are ______ signals carried along neurons

A

electrical

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25
Q

Neurotransmitters: the chemical messengers released from ________ neurons so they can “talk” to neighboring cells

A

presynaptic

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26
Q

The Receptor on the _______ cell is for “hearing” the message

A

neighboring

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27
Q

Synapses are ______ that allow signals to ____.

A

junctions, pass

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28
Q

Chemical synapse:
* Ionotropic receptors (Ligand-gated ion proteins)

A
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29
Q

Metabotropic receptors (G-protein coupled proteins)
Electrical synapse:
* Gap junction proteins

A
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30
Q

Action potential (AP) (nerve impulse): the change in _____ potential associated with the
passage of an ____ ____ the membrane of a neuron

A

electrical, impulse, along

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31
Q

APs are ?

A

all-or-nothing (on-off switches)

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32
Q

APs are ____-directional (from the ____ to ____ _____)

A

one, body, axon terminal

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33
Q

Electrical signal happens when ?

A

the polarity across their plasma membrane changes

34
Q

Membrane potential: the differences between ____ and _____ of the cell

A

inside, outside

35
Q

Describe a resting potential

A
36
Q

Describe an action potential

A
37
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels

A
38
Q

Changes in polarization occur when ?

A

ion channels in the membrane open or close,
altering the ability of particular types of ions to enter or exit the neuron

39
Q

Positive potential is defined as?

A

Depolarization – the opening of channels that let Na+ rush into a neuron
The neuron sends electrical signal

40
Q

Negative potential is defined as?

A

Hyperpolarization – the opening of channels that let negative ions flow in
Prevents the neuron from receiving another stimulus

41
Q

Electrical and chemical synapses

A
42
Q

How Do Neurons Communicate?

A
43
Q

Neurotransmitters: Chemical Molecules in the CNS

A
44
Q

Small Molecule Transmitters

A
45
Q

The neuropeptides are made up of ?

A

three or more amino acids (larger in size)?

46
Q

Substance P (__ aa): carries ____ signals and stimulates ____ (high in __)

A

11, pain, vomiting, VC

47
Q

Neuropeptide Y: stimulates ___

A

eating

48
Q

Endorphins & enkephalins?

A

inhibit pain

49
Q

Steroids:

A

?androgens and estrogens

50
Q
A
51
Q

Dopamine: important in ?

A

addiction and pleasure-seeking; over-eating, movements, attention
and learning, low in Parkinson’s disease

52
Q

Serotonin: (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5HT). Important for ?

Linked with?

A

sleep, appetite, temperature regulation,
mood, anxiety, pain, memory, aggression, and perception. Linked with depression

53
Q

Acetylcholine: ____ and ___ contractions; blockage causes ____, low in ______

A

muscle, heart, paralysis, Alzheimer’s

54
Q

Norepinephrine: involved in body’s ?

A

emergency response and behavioral processes. Released in
(Noradrenalin) stress, excitement. Helps brain work faster, lift our mood, makes us feel alert and focused?

55
Q

GABA are _____ that keeps neural ______ under control. If disrupted: _____, ______. ____ and ____ boost the action of GABA, make you ____.

A

inhibitors, communication, seizure, epilepsy, Alcohol, valium, calm

56
Q

Glycine are ______ that keeps neural communication under control. If disrupted:
seizure, epilepsy. Alcohol and valium boost the action of GABA, make you calm

A

inhibitors

57
Q

Glutamate: major ______ NT in the CNS, ____ brain functioning, linked to many other pathways, ____ and _____?

A

excitatory, normal, learning, memory, Anxiety, PTS, OCD, mania, depression, psychosis, schizophrenia

58
Q

Histamine: ( ______ and ), ?

A

brain, spinal cord, arousal, attention, feeding behavior, and memory

59
Q

Substance P: implicated in ?

A

reproduction, social behaviors, appetite, arousal, pain,
reward, and learning and memory

60
Q

Orexin: (like glutamate): _____ homeostasis. Animals lacking orexin system have ?

A

energy, narcolepsy and disrupted
sleep-wake pattern

61
Q

The NT-receptor complex may directly regulate the membrane potential by ?

A

altering permeability of
the cell membrane through opening or closing specific ion channels

62
Q

The NT-receptor complex may initiate a sequence of chemical reactions that ?

A

alter ion transport across
the membrane. Specific intracellular signal molecules are called second messengers

63
Q

Receptors are the site of ?

A

action for exogenous DRUGS (usually G protein-coupled receptors, GPCRs

64
Q

What is the function of the second messenger system?

A

sustains and amplifies the cellular response to DRUG-RECEPTOR binding?

65
Q

Neutrotransmitter: Receptor Functions

A

Functions:
* Excitatory PostSynaptic Potentials (EPSP, depolarization leading to action potential)
* Inhibitory PostSynaptic Potentials (IPSP, hyperpolarization leading to the “rest” potential)

66
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters

A

Glutamate is the main excitatory transmitter in the CNS
* GABA is the main inhibitory NT in the adult vertebrate brain
* Glycine is the main inhibitory NT in the spinal cord

67
Q

Whether the effect of a certain NT is excitatory or inhibitory at a given synapse
depends on ?

A

which of its receptor(s) are present on the postsynaptic (target) cell.?

68
Q

Excitatory?

A
  • Glutamate
  • Aspartate
69
Q

Inhibitory

A
  • GABA
  • Glycine
70
Q

Mixed?

A
  • Acetylcholine (Ach)
  • Norepinephrine (NE)
  • Epinephrine (EP)
  • Dopamine (D)
  • Serotonin (5-HT)
71
Q

Neurotransmitter - Receptor Functions
Glutamate, GABA, Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Serotonin

A
72
Q

Neurotransmitter - Receptor Functions
Glutamate, GABA, Acetylcholine, Dopamine, Serotonin

A
73
Q

Acetylcholine - Excitatory

A
74
Q

Acetylcholine - Inhibitory

A
75
Q
A
76
Q

CPCRs are?

A

main targets of existing drugs (30-50-% drugs bind to them)

77
Q

GPCRs detect molecules ____ the cells and ____ cellular responses

A

outside, activate

78
Q

GPCRs regulate ?

A

sensory (taste, light, smell) and non-sensory (neurological and endocrine) signals

79
Q

______ comprise the largest family of transmembrane receptors (~ 1000 in humans)

A

GPCRs

80
Q

GPCRs are ?

A

7 transmembrane helixes (7-transmembrane receptors, 7TM- R)

81
Q

Describe the structure of GPCRs:

A

7 transmembrane alpha helixes receptors interact (coupled) with
trimetic signal-transducing G-proteins
G-proteins consist of α, β, and γ subunits
1) Each receptor binds to its ligand, 2) conformational changes
3) α separates from β and γ, 4) they interact with other proteins
5) 2nd messengers (cAMP) act on heart, muscle, vessels

Intro to Pharmacology (31 decks)

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