Week 8 Lecture Study guide Digestive System

Question 1

Ingestion?

Answer 1

The taking in of nutrients by mouth.

Question 2

Peristalsis?

Answer 2

smooth muscle movement that propels bolus of food and/or waste throughout the alimentary canal.

Question 3

Digestion?

Answer 3

mechanical and chemical breakdown of food

Question 4

Absorption?

Answer 4

microscopic taking of nutrients in the digestive system

Question 5

Defecation
(Excretion)?

Answer 5

removal of solid waste from the body.

Question 6

Trace a food and/or waste bolus starting with the mouth and ending with the rectum.

Answer 6

A. Mouth
B. Esophagus
C. Gastroesophageal (Cardiac) Sphincter
D. Stomach
E. Pyloric Sphincter

Small intestines:
F. Duodenum
G. Jejunum
H. Ileum

I. Ileocecal Valve (not part of small intestines)

large intestines:
J. Cecum
K. Ascending Colon
L. Right Colic (hepatic) flexure
M. Transverse Colon
N. Left (splenic) flexure
O. Descending Colon
P. Sigmoid Flexure
Q. Sigmoid Colon
R. Rectum
S. Anus (Anal Canal)

Question 7

Know the structure of the alimentary canal, including the four layers of the canal.

Answer 7

-Wall structure

1)Mucosa
-Inner lining of alimentary canal

2)Submucosa
-Dense irregular connective tissue

3)Muscularis Externa
-Smooth muscle cells

4)Serosa
-Cover of the muscularis externa

Question 8

What is the purpose of rugae and villi in the alimentary canal, particularly the small intestines?

Answer 8

Rugae are hormones secreted by the stomach and aids in the initiation of protein digestion.

Villi- Absorbs all the nutrients(from food) that we need to stay alive.

Question 9

Know the three major salivary glands and where they are located

Answer 9

1)Parotid
-Inferior to the zygomatic arch
-Secretes amylase(breaks down carbohydrates & kill off bacteria)
-Mumps

2)Sublingual
-Floor of the mouth

3)Submandibular
-Inner surface of the mandible
-Secretes mucins

Question 10

Know the different types of teeth and know the difference between deciduous and permanent teeth.

Answer 10

Sets:
Deciduous teeth-baby teeth

Permanent- Adult Teeth

Types
-Incisor (central and lateral)
-Canine (cuspid)
-Premolar (bicuspid)-only permanent teeth has premolar teeth
-Molar

Question 11

Know the basic structure of a tooth.

Answer 11

Structure:
-Crown
-Root
-Enamel
-Dentin
-Cementum
-Pulp Cavity

Question 12

Know what is secreted by each of the gastric glands of the stomach:

Answer 12

A. Mucous cells–Mucous
B. Chief cells–Pepsin
C. Parietal cells—HCL (Hydrocloric acid)and intrinsic factor
D. G-cells—gastrin-helps regulate digestion

E. D Cells-Somatostatin-(Chemical that helps us to digest cholesterol)

Question 13

Which enzymes, hormones and digestive juices are secreted by the pancreas? Which hormone regulates that secretion?

Answer 13

Enzyme function:
-Amylase(digestión down carbohydrates)
-Lipase-)breaks down fats)
-Protease-breaks down proteins
-Nuclease-breaks down nucleic acids

2)Hormonal regulation:
-Secretin-pancreas secretes secretin. This hormone regulates how much the above enzymes are secreted at one time.

Question 14

What is the function of the liver?

Answer 14

-Metabolism
-Storage
-Filtration
-Detoxification
-Bile production

Question 15

What is the function of hepatocytes?

Answer 15

Help with detoxification because of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 16

What is the function of bile? Where is it produced and where is it stored?

Answer 16

Bile function is to emulsify fats.

-It is produced in the liver and stored in the gall bladder.

Question 17

Compare skeletal and smooth muscle.

Answer 17

???

Question 18

What is the function of the large intestines and what do they principally absorb?

Answer 18

-Reabsorb fluids used to help get rid of waste products.

Question 19

What enzymes are found in saliva?

Answer 19

salivary amylase

Question 20

Mechanical processing?

Answer 20

The chewing of the food and the getting it prepared to go into the stomach.

Question 21

Know what the small intestines secrete?

Answer 21

-Mucus
-Peptidase
-Sucrase-(breaks down sucrose sugar)
-Maltase-breaks down malt sugar
-Lactase-breaks down milk sugar
-Lipase-breaks down lipids(fats)