Week 6 Study Guide Peripheral Vascular System Metabolism and Energy Production Flashcards
Know the differences between arteries and veins and know the structure of arteries and veins.
Arteries:
-Carry blood away from the heart
-Supply oxygenated blood to certain areas of the body
-Carry blood under pressure
-Give rise to thinner vessels (arterioles that branch to capillaries)
-Thick walled vessels with three layers
1)Tunica interna (intima)-inner layer
2)Tunica media- middle muscle layer
3) Tunica external (adventitia)-outer layer
- Has smooth muscle
- Has endothelium
- Has elastic fiber
-Has internal & external elastic membrane - As arteries move through the body, they will branch until they get to capillaries.
Veins:
-Carry blood to the heart
-Veins drain deoxygenated blood & waste from certain areas of the body
-Carries blood under low pressure
-Contains one way valves(Blood only travels in one direction).
-Thin walled vessels with three layers
1) Tunica intima
2) Tunica media-
3) Tunica externa
-Has Endothelium
-Smooth muscle
- Blood go through the valves that close and don’t allow blood to go back into the circulatory system.
What are arterioles, venules and capillaries? Describe the 3 major types of capillaries.
Arterioles:
-Very small arteries
-Delivers blood to the capillaries
-Helps regulate blood flow and blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation. (They can construct to prevent over bleeding and they can dilate to make room for more blood flow.)
Venules:
-Small veins
-Merge to form veins
Capillaries:
-Smallest and thinnest blood vessels
-Site of gas, nutrient, & waste exchange between capillaries and interstitial fluid in tissues
-Single later of endothelium and a basement membrane(Things can happen in the basement membrane to cause damage to the capillaries like diabetes).
3 types of capillaries:
-1) Continuous (Most Common)
-Plasma membranes form continuous rings around vessels of lumen
-Found in skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, connective tissue, lungs
- least permeable capillary, does not have holes/pores/fenestrations.
2) Fenestrated:
-Plasma membranes contains pores
-Found in kidneys and villi of small intestines
-Large fenestrations (pores/holes)
3) Sinusoids:
-Very big capillaries with thin walls (to store extra blood in areas like the spleen ).
-Contains spaces between endothelial cells with a missing or incomplete
-Found in liver and spleen (Our body stores extra blood in the spleen).
Which artery is usually “heard” when taking a normal blood pressure? What is systole and diastole?
The brachial artery is heard.
Systole- Ventricular contraction and constriction.
Diastole-Ventricular relaxation and expansion
Describe the factors involved in regulating blood pressure, including neural and hormonal factors. (Know which hormone vasoconstrict & vasodilate to increase or decrease blood pressure)
- Autoregulation:
a)Local vasodilators (causes blood vessels to dilate to allow more room for blood flow.)
-Utilized when tissue conditions are abnormal
-Causes an increase in blood flow
Examples:
- Tissue oxygen levels
-Tissue carbon dioxide levels
-Lactic Acid
-potassium and/or hydrogen ion concentrations
-local temperature
b) Local vasoconstrictors
-Utilized during an injury (If we cut ourselves the blood vessels will constrict and cause us to lose as less blood as possible).
-Stimulate precapillary sprinters to constrict
Examples:
-Prostaglandins- cause pain
-Thomboxanes- will signal sphincters to constrict when we are losing blood.
-Endothelins- will signal sphincters to constrict when we are losing blood.
2) Neural Regulation:
a)Cardiac and vasomotor Centers(Cardiovascular center) located in the medulla
-Cardioacceleratory center- in cardiac output via sympathetic innervation (increase our heart rate)
-Cardioinhibitory Center-in cardiac output via parasympathetic innervation (can increase or decrease cardiac output).
2) Reflex Control
a) Baronreceptor reflexes
-Aortic sinuses:
-Monitors blood pressure in the ascending aorta (when blood pumps out of the heart. It firsts goes to the ascending aorta.)
-Changes trigger the aortic reflex to adjust blood pressure as needed.
-Carotid Sinuses:
-Monitors blood pressure to the head(brain-to keep oxygen flow in brain)
-Changes trigger reflexes to adjust blood pressure, as needed.
-Atrial baroreceptors:
-Monitors blood pressure at end of systemic circuit(right atrium-blood flows into the body through the right atrium) -When pressure rises, stimulates cardiac centers to increase cardiac output.
b) Chemoreceptor reflexes
-Carotid bodies- in the neck
-Aortic bodies- near aortic arch
* Chemoreceptors monitor oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels in arterial blood. (Normal pH 7.4)
If an increase in CO2 or decrease in pH and or O2 occurs:
- Cardioacceleratory Center stimulated and cardioinhibitory center is inhibited because we need the increase of oxygen in our body.
-Causes an increase in cardiac output, increase heart rate, peripheral vasoconstriction, and increase in blood pressure.
*In or body carbon dioxide acts like an acid. The more carbon dioxide we have, the more acidic our blood is going to be.
3)Hormonal Regulation:
-Hormones helped regulate blood pressure
1)Epinephrine and norepinephrine (increase blood pressure)
-Increase in cardiac output, heart rate, and vasoconstriction.
*Epinephrine is part of the fight or flight syndrome that vasodilators bronchial tubes and causes us to breathe better.
2) Antidiuretic hormone- increase in blood pressure.
-Peripheral vasoconstriction
-Increase in fluid retention in kidneys
3) Angiotensin II- increase in blood pressure
-Stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys in response to dehydration
-Stimulates thirst for additional fluid retention
- Increase in cardiac output and arteriole vasoconstriction
4) Erythropoietin-increase in blood pressure
-Stimulates the production and maturation of RBCs(when we need more RBCs)
-Causes vasoconstriction (B/C if we need more RBCs it is because we are bleeding out and we need blood vessels to constrict to keep us from bleeding out).
5) Natriuretic peptides- decrease in blood pressure
-Increase sodium excretion in kidneys
-Increase in urine production
-Reduced thirst
-ADH, aldosterone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine inhibition
-Vasolidation
6) Histamine-decrease in blood pressure
-Vasolidation
- Histamine will dilate blood vessels and constrict bronchial tubes and causes less breathing during allergic reactions.
Know the three branches of the aortic arch, in the correct order with regard to blood flow.
1) Brachiocephalic artery-delivers blood to arm & head
2) Left common artery-go toward the head
3)Left Subclavian artery-going toward arm
Brachio- upper arm
Cephalic- head
Know the divisions of the aorta and these branches that arise from those divisions. Include in your studying which of those vessels supply blood to which structure or structures:
Ascending Aorta
1. Right and Left Coronary arteries—supplies blood to the myocardium
Know the divisions of the aorta and these branches that arise from those divisions. Include in your studying which of those vessels supply blood to which structure or structures:
Aortic Arch
1. Brachiocephalic artery
a. Right Subclavian artery—supplies blood to the right shoulder and upper limb
1. Right Axillary artery–supplies blood to the right armpit
a. Right Brachial artery–supplies blood to the right upper arm
1. Right Radial artery–supplies blood to the right lower arm
2. Right Ulnar artery–supplies blood to the right lower arm
3. Right Palmar arches–supplies blood to the right palm and digits
b. Right Vertebral artery–supplies blood to the right cervical vertebrae and skull
1. Right Basilar artery
a. Circle of Willis–supplies blood to the right side of brain
b. Right Common Carotid Artery 1. Right External Carotid Artery—supplies blood to right side of head and face 2. Right Internal Carotid Artery—supplies blood to right side of skull and brain
Know the divisions of the aorta and these branches that arise from those divisions. Include in your studying which of those vessels supply blood to which structure or structures:
Left Common Carotid Artery
a. Left External Carotid Artery—supplies blood to the left side of head and face
b. Left Internal Common Carotid Artery—supplies blood to left side of skull and brain
- Left Subclavian artery- supplies blood to the left shoulder and upper limb.
1). Left Brachial artery–supplies blood to the left upper arm.
a. Radial artery–supplies blood to the lower arm.
b. Left Ulnar artery–supplies blood to the left lower arm
c. Left Palmar arches-supplies blood to the left palm and digits - Left Vertebral artery–supplies blood to the left cervical vertebrae and skull
a. Left Basilar artery
1. Circle of Willis-supplies blood to the left side of the brain.
Know the divisions of the aorta and these branches that arise from those divisions. Include in your studying which of those vessels supply blood to which structure or structures:
Left Subclavian artery—supplies blood to the left shoulder and upper limb
a. Left Axillary artery–supplies blood to the left armpit
1. Left Brachial artery–supplies blood to the left upper arm
a. Left Radial artery–supplies blood to the left lower arm
b. Left Ulnar artery–supplies blood to the left lower arm
c. Left Palmar arches–supplies blood to the left palm and digits
2. Left Vertebral artery–supplies blood to the left cervical vertebrae and skull
a. Left Basilar artery
1. Circle of Willis–supplies blood to the left side of brain
Know the divisions of the aorta and these branches that arise from those divisions. Include in your studying which of those vessels supply blood to which structure or structures:
Descending Aorta
1. Thoracic Aorta
a. Intercostal artery—supplies blood to the intercostal cartilage and chest muscles
b Superior phrenic artery—supplies blood to the superior portion of the diaphragm
c. Bronchial artery–supplies blood to the bronchi of the lungs
d Esophageal artery—supplies blood to the esophagus
Know the divisions of the aorta and these branches that arise from those divisions. Include in your studying which of those vessels supply blood to which structure or structures:
Abdominal Aorta
a. Inferior phrenic artery—supplies blood to the inferior diaphragm
b. Celiac trunk
1. Common hepatic artery—supplies blood to the liver
2. Left gastric artery—supplies blood to the left stomach
3. Splenic artery—supplies blood to the spleen
c. Superior mesenteric artery—supplies blood to the small intestine, cecum, pancreas, ascending and transverse colon
d. Suprarenal artery—supplies blood to the adrenal gland
e. Renal artery—supplies blood to the kidney
f. Gonadal artery—supplies blood to the ovary/testis
g. Inferior mesenteric artery—supplies blood to the descending and sigmoid colon, rectum
Know the divisions of the aorta and these branches that arise from those divisions. Include in your studying which of those vessels supply blood to which structure or structures:
The aorta terminates into the right and left common iliac arteries. Those arteries branch to form and supply:
A. External iliac artery–supplies blood to the hip and lower limbs
1. Femoral artery–supplies blood to the thigh
a. Popliteal artery–supplies blood to the knee
1. Posterior tibial artery–supplies blood to the lower leg
2. Anterior tibial artery–supplies blood to the lower leg
a. Dorsalis pedis artery–supplies blood to the ankle
b. Plantar artery–supplies blood to the foot and digits
Blood is drained and returned to the heart in the venous system. Many of the names of the veins and the area in which they drain blood are the same as their arterial counterpart. For example, the femoral artery SUPPLIES blood to the thigh, whereas the femoral vein DRAINS blood from the thigh. Know the venous vessels like the arterial vessels mentioned above, with the following additions:
Jugular vein
1. External jugular vein–drains blood from the face and scalp
2. Internal jugular vein–drains blood from the brain
Blood is drained and returned to the heart in the venous system. Many of the names of the veins and the area in which they drain blood are the same as their arterial counterpart. For example, the femoral artery SUPPLIES blood to the thigh, whereas the femoral vein DRAINS blood from the thigh. Know the venous vessels like the arterial vessels mentioned above, with the following additions:
Brachiocephalic vein–Formed from the union of the subclavian and jugular veins to drain blood from the should and arm
Cont’d: Know the venous vessels like the arterial vessels mentioned above, with the following additions:
Median cubital vein—used as a normal venipuncture site
