Week 8 - exercise dependence Flashcards
What is primary dependence?
Exercise is an end in itself (intrinsic motivation)
Define exercise dependence
An abnormal reliance on exercise, resulting in excessive exercise behaviour that manifests in physiological and/or psychological symptoms
What is secondary dependence?
Association with eating disorders (extrinsic motivation)
What are the main components of addiction? Griffiths (1996,2005)
Tolerance Withdrawal symptoms Loss of control Intention effects Time Reduction in other activities Continuance
Describe the difference between a positive exercise addiction and a negative exercise addiction?
Positive addiction - the addict has greater levels of control and are more content. Positive addiction often results in positive health outcomes
Negative addiction- With negative addiction an individual has greater levels of compulsion. They experience withdrawal symptoms and it has negative health outcomes
Name further addictions that are often co-occurring with exercise dependence?
Eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia Excessive caffeine consumption Buying addictions Work addictions Alcohol and Drug use!
What are the four phases of exercise addiction?
Phase 1 -Recreational exercise - Motivation is enjoyment and fitness, no negative consequence
Phase 2 - At risk exercise- Reliance on the mood altering effects of exercise. Negative consequences such as overuse injuries
Phase 3- Problematic exercise- life scheduled around exercise, Motivation is to escape withdrawal symptoms. Social and physical negative health outcomes
Phase4 - Exercise addiction- Life completely revolves around exercise. Extreme levels of intensity frequency and duration. Very little control and exercise continues through injury. Clinical depression may occur.
Explain the cognitive appraisal hypothesis by Szabo (1995)
Exercise is a method of coping eg to stress etc
Therefore
A lot of exercise causes a lack of the coping mechanism
Therefore
The individual experiences a loss of control (over the situation and environment)
Therefore
It increases their vulnerability to stress
Therefore
Causes Psychological hardship and Feelings of deprivation
(This links back to the beginning Of the model/hypothesis)
Give examples of characteristics and personality traits of exercise addicts.
Obsessive-compulsive Narcissism High self-imposed expectations High pain tolerance level Mental toughness Perfectionism
Give examples of exercise addiction/dependence inventories/ questionnaires / assessments
The obligatory exercise questionnaire (0EQ) (Thompson and pasman 1991)
Exercise Addiction Inventory (Griffiths, Szabo, & Terry, 2005)
Can also use profile of mood states (POMS). Aidman and Wollard (2003) used POMS on a day were self reported exercise addicts were prevented from exercising and they experienced many withdrawal symptoms aswell as a higher resting HR
Exercise dependence is an impulse control disorder (a class of psychiatric disorders) characterised by impulsivity. What is impulsivity?
Impulsivity is the failure to resist a temptation, urge or impulse that may harm oneself or others
What other disorder (in addition to impulsivity) is often associated to those with exercise dependence? And what are the main characteristics of this disorder?
Obsessive compulsive disorder
An anxiety disorder characterized by intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness, apprehension, fear, or worry, by repetitive behaviours aimed at reducing the associated anxiety
