Week 4: Theorise And Models Of Behavior 2 Flashcards
Tell me about the Protection Motivation Theory (Rogers, 1975)?
Perceived severity and perceived probability - Threat appraisal.
Efficacy of preventative behaviour and perceived self-efficacy - coping appraisal.
Threat Appraisal and Coping appraisal - intention to protect - protective behaviour.
What can the protection motivation theory (Rogers, 1975) be used for?
The theory can be used for the protection of cancer for example and can also be used in health contexts to help us understand fear appraisals and how individuals deal with fears related their health.
Define threat appraisal?
This is the perceived severity of a threatening issue and is subjective as it is based on their own Interpretation of an event.
Research states that the protection motivation theory will motivate people to exercise if they: believe a disease to be severe and likely to cause harm and if they personally believe exercise will reduce the health threat and if they have high self efficacy and if costs are not expensive. True or false?
True.
What is the Stimulus Response Theory (Skinner, 1953)?
Provides an explanation for how people learn new behaviours and grew out of the principles of classical conditioning (Pavlov, 1928) and instrumental conditioning (Thorndike, 1898).
What is classical conditioning (Pavlov, 1928)?
States that reflexive behaviours (salivation and blinking) can be elicited through repeated pairings of the behaviour with a antecedent cue e.g Pavlov found that the repeated ringing of a bell with the delivery of food, dogs would start salivating when the bell rang and no food was present.the dogs had learned to associate the bell ringing the delivery of food.
What is instrumental conditioning (Thorndike, 1898)?
States that voluntary behaviour can be learned by pairing the behaviour with consequent reinforcement. eg a person attends the gym because they are provided with a financial reward.
Provide the 4 types of events that can follow behaviour according to the stimulus response theory (Skinner, 1953)?
1) Positive reinforcement e.g. Money, praise(Increase exercise)
2) Negative reinforcement e.g. Pain, depression (Increase exercise)
3) Punishment e.g. Injury, embarrassment (Decrease exercise)
4) Extinction e.g. opportunities to socialise (Decrease exercise)
Define reflexive behavior?
Behaviour is not voluntary as it automatically happens.
Define operant conditioning with an example?
Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the consequences of an individuals behaviour determines the likelihood the behaviour being repeated in the future. E.g. A baby smiles, father picks up the child, the child continues to smile.
Provide examples of primary and secondary reinforcers?
Primary: food and water
Secondary: money
Provide examples of positive and negative reinforcement?
Positive: when you exercise you get paid.
Negative: the symptoms of depression reduce when you attend the gym. It is a negative part of their lives but exercise reduces this negative symptom, resulting n an individual attending the gym.
Define positive punishment and negative punishment?
Positive punishment: the adding of an aversive stimulus to decrease a certain behaviour or response.
Negative punishment: the removal of an appetitive stimulus to decrease a certain type of behaviour.
Tell me about the research that (Roemmich, Gurgol and Epstein, 2004) conducted on the stimulus response theory?
The study revealed that children who received reinforcement increased their physical activity levels by 24% and decreased television watching by 22%.
Define the Transtheoretical model (Prochaska, 1977)?
According to the Transtheoretical model behaviour change is not a quick process, people don’t suddenly decide to quit smoking or start exercising and immediately change their behaviour. Rather behaviour change is a gradual process where an individual progresses through a series of stages.
What are the stages of changed the Transtheoretical model (Prochaska,1977)?
1) Pre-contemplation
2) contemplation
3) preparation
4) action
5) maintenance
Define the pre-contemplation stage?
People have no intentions to start exercising in the next 6 months as the consider the cons of exercise to be greater than the pros, maybe because they lack information on the consequences of a sedentary lifestyle.
Define the contemplation stage?
People have intentions to start exercising within the next 6 months, they are aware of the pros but they are equally aware of the cons. They are not ready to make a commitment to exercise.
Define the preparation stage?
People intend to start exercising within the next 4 weeks. People in this stage consider the pros of exercise to be greater than the cons. During this stage people will purchase equipment and enquiry about local exercise facilities. This stage is unstable.
Define the action stage?
People are exercising at the optimum levels (moderate intensity for 30 min duration). This is a very unstable stage and therefore the individual is susceptible to relapse.
Defoe the maintenance stage?
This is when people have been exercising for at least 6 months at optimal levels. The are obviously less tempted to relapse and are confident in their own ability to adhere to the exercise program.
What 3 factors influences an individuals movement through the stages of change?
1) how people think about exercise.
2) how people think about themselves.
3) aspects of the environment that influences exercise behaviour.
Tell me about the decision balance construct that was developed from Janis and Mann’s mode of decision making?
It reflects how people perceive the pros and cons of changing their exercise behaviour. The movement through the stages of the Transtheoretical model is determined by the numberer of pros vs cons for exercise
Tell me about self-efficacy in relation to the Transtheoretical model?
According to the self-efficacy construct developed by Bandura, self efficacy represents situation specific confidence and self-efficacy is believed to increase as people move through the stages of change.
Provide examples when an individual may be tempted to skip exercise?
Rainy days, busy work or school schedule, and fatigue.
How can the Transtheoretical model be used to guide exercise interventions?
It provides a framework for identifying the interventions that are most appropriate for a person at a particular stage
Most of the research concerning the Transtheoretical model can be classified into what 3 types of studies?
1) descriptive studies
2) predictive studies
3) intervention studies
Define descriptive studies, predictive studies, and intervention studies?
Descriptive: describes the differences between various people in the Transtheoretical model
Predictive: studies that attempt o predict future exercise behaviour.
Intervention: interventions that use the Transtheoretical model to develop exercise interventions.w
What are the limitations to the Transtheoretical model?
It can not reliably predict who will increase exercise behaviour and when (Nigg, 2001). In addition is appears that people move backwards through the stages, regressing rather than progressing (Cole et al, 1998). The model is unable to predict who will backslide and when.
Provide 2 benefits of the Transtheoretical model?
1) provides opportunity to match the intervention to the needs of the individuals in each stage (Marcus et al, 1998).
2) the Transtheoretical model recognises that when it comes to exercise interventions, one size does not fit all.
Name the model that is a development of the stimulus response theory and the Transtheoretical model?
Social ecological model (McLeroy et al, 1988)
Define the Social ecological model (McLeroy et al, 1988)?
This model takes the approach that it is not only individual-level factors that influence behaviour but other factors such as the physical environment, the community, society and the government also play a part (Stokols, 1996).
