Week 3: Theories And Models Of Exercise Behaviour 1

Question 1

Provide the formula for the expectancy-value approach?

Answer 1

Individual expectation of reaching a goal X The Value of that goal to the individual

Question 2

According to the expectancy-value approach an individual may understand the importance of exercise, but will be unable to adhere to the training intervention which will result in a failure to adopt the exercise program. True or false?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Tell me about the social cognitive theory (Bandora, 1986,1997) triangle?

Answer 3

Behaviour: physical activity-frequency, intensity and duration.

Environments: physical surroundings and social support.

Personal factors: psychological factors and biological features

Question 4

Define reciprocal determinism?

Answer 4

Behaviour changes as a result of interaction between a person and the environment E.g. the change is by-directional.

Question 5

Define behavioural capability?

Answer 5

Knowledge and skills to influence behaviour

Question 6

Define expectations?

Answer 6

These are beliefs about the likely results of action

Question 7

Define observational learning?

Answer 7

Beliefs based on Observing others like self and/or physical results.

Question 8

Define reinforcement?

Answer 8

Responses to a person’s behaviour that either increases or decreases the chances of reoccurrence.

Question 9

Who proposed the theory of reasoned action?

Answer 9

Ajzen and Fishbeing, 1980

Question 10

What is the theory of reasoned action?

Answer 10

The theory of reasoned action is a general model concerned with the relationship between intentions and behaviour. This intention is determined by 2 factors: attitude (positive and negative thoughts) and sense of subjective norm (social pressures)

Question 11

Attitude can influence behaviour and can be either positive or negative e.g. exercise is good useful and beneficial or exercise I’d bad, useless and harmful. True or False?

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What are subjective norms?

Answer 12

These are personal influences we gain from society e.g. “my mum thinks”, “my teacher thinks”

Question 13

Provide three examples of an intention?

Answer 13

“I plan”, “i intend”and “I expect”

Question 14

Why is the theory of reasoned action no longer used?

Answer 14

Because of the development of the theory of planned behaviour.

Question 15

Provide a limitation of the theory of reasoned action?

Answer 15

Although you try and “intend” to exercise it doesn’t mean you will actually exercise, due to other external factors.

Question 16

What is the theory of planned behaviour Ajzen and Fishbeing, 1990)?

Answer 16

The theory of planned behaviour was developed on the previous theory, suggesting it is not just “intentions” that influence behaviour but “perceived behavioural control” also plays a part.

Question 17

Providing a sample of perceived behavioural control?

Answer 17

“I believe I have the ability to overcome…”

Perceived behavioural control is known to have a moderate effect on behaviours

Question 18

Provides sample measures of the theory of planned behaviour?

Answer 18

1) Asking questions using a scale between 1-7 with useless at one end of the continuum and useful at the other end.
2) Asking questions using a tick box with extremely likely at one end of the continuum and extremely unlikley at the other end.

Question 19

What is meant by the abbreviation MVPA?

Answer 19

Moderate to vigourous physical activity

Question 20

A meta-analysis (Hagger et al, 2002) shows a strong influence of intentions on exercise behaviour, However attitudes and perceived behavioural control have a strong impact on exercising intentions and subjective norms. True or false?

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Define meta-analysis?

Answer 21

a meta-analysis refers to methods focused on contrasting and combining results from different studies, in the hope of identifying patterns among study results

Question 22

Define self-efficacy (Albert Bandura)?

Answer 22

“And individuals beliefs in his or her capabilities to successfully carry out a course of action to meet particular task demands”

Question 23

Provide an example of the difference between self-efficacy and confidence?

Answer 23

A marathon runner has a hight self confidence to run long distances but self-efficacy of running over a hilly terrain maybe different, so it is situation specific.

Question 24

What is the self-efficacy theory that was proposed by (Bandora,1986)?

Answer 24

Self Efficacy: Past performance, experience, social persuasion, physiological/effective, behaviour, cognitions and affect.

Question 25

Provide an example of physiological/affective states according to the self-efficacy theory?

Answer 25

When presenting a presentation you may begin to experience nerves, which may affect and reduce your self-efficacy.

Question 26

Provide an example of how past performances influence self-efficacy and therefore performance?

Answer 26

According to the Brownlee Brother triathlon video: John is more physiologically better than Alastair, but Alastair mostly wins, thus suggesting Alastair is more mentally strong and as he is older he can draw on past experiences to keep his self-efficacy high.

Question 27

How can you overcome low self-efficacy?

Answer 27

Low self-efficacy can be overcome by teamwork and social factors.

Question 28

Self-efficacy can be measured by what 3 parameters (Bandura,1977, 1986, 1997)?

Answer 28

Level: Belief that one can successfully perform various elements of a task.
Strength: Degree of conviction for successfully accomplishing each level of the task.
Generality: Extent to which efficacy for one task carries over to other tasks.