Week 2: Epidemiology Of Physical Activity Flashcards
(38 cards)
Define epidemiology?
The study of how a disease or health outcome is distributed in populations and what factors influence or determine this distribution.
According to the World Health Organisation physical inactivity has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality causing how many deaths globally?
3.2 million deaths
What percentage of adults aged over 15 were insuficiently active in 2008?
31%
Provide reasons why individuals have become more inactive since the industrial revolution?
Increase in the use of computer games.
Increased usage of PC (increasing obesity and the development of health related problems).
Increase in the number of cars.
Lack of parks.
Jobs in society now heavily rely on computers rather than the brain.
Before the industrial revolution being active was a part of everyday life e.g. Survival of the fittest.
Provide a fact regarding the outcome of introducing the physical activity and fitness objectives in 2010?
They were introduced to make more individuals engage in regular physical activity and proved to be effective as mortality rates were reduced by 30% e.g. Reducing: cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and improving mental health
Describe the “The Tomato effect/Phenomenon?
This describes the phenomenon whereby highly regarded therapies or treatments are ignored or rejected, simply because people choose to ignore the information and evidence available. Current researchers believe individuals are ignoring the benefits of regular physical activity.
Name the 5 “Why’s” to understand patterns of behavior?
1) Who participates in physical activity?
2) Where do they participate in physical activity?
3) When do they participate in physical activity?
4) Why do they participate in physical activity?
5) What do they participate in physical activity?
Define stage difference between physical activity and exercise?
Physical activity: activities such as walking and gardening
Exercise: planned exercise incorporates going to the gym
Both physical activity and exercise vary in: frequency, intensity, duration and regularity
What percentage of industrialised country residents are inactive?
50-70% of residents
Provide the percentages of inactivity for the citizens of Netherlands, USA and UK?
Netherlands: 18% of citizens inactive
USA: 40.5% of citizens inactive
UK: 63% of citizens inactive
According to (Foster et al, 2005) provide the percentages of males and females who are sufficiently active here in the UK and meet the government guidelines of 30 minutes of moderate intensity exercise 5 times a week?
37% of males are sufficiently active
25% of females are sufficiently active
Provide a fact regarding the amount of physical activity and age?
The amount of exercise (frequency, duration and intensity) declines with age.
As a result of this decline and the increase in the older population money is currently been invested to increase participation and reduce the risk of disease.
What percentage of children 6-17 take part in Physical Educational activities daily?
17%
What percentage of low income individuals in the USA participate in physical activity? what percentage of the general population in the USA participate in physical activity?
Low income: 14%
General population: 16%
Education is directly related to physical activity levels e.g. More education, the greater the participation in physical activity. True of false?
True
Provide an example of a cross sectional study?
The relation ship between Individuals with a disease and Individuals without a disease on physical activity participation.
Provide an example of a case-control study (retrospective)?
The relationship between Individuals with a disease and Individuals without a disease and past engagement in physical activity.
Provide an example of a prospective study (longitudinal)?
Looks at individuals at present without disease the. In the future compare individuals with disease and without disease and see if there is a difference in activity participation between those who did and did not develop the disease.
Provide an example of a clinical trial?
Looks at individuals at present without disease. Then in the future these individuals are assigned into a physical activity intervention group and a health education group and then we look to see if there is a difference in disease development between the two groups.
What is the problem with cross sectional studies?
They only look at one point in time and it is hard to determine if it is physical activity that causes the disease to occur as there are many other factors that may contribute to the development of disease.
What is the problem with a case control study (retrospective)?
People may lie about physical activity levels.
People may over or under estimate levels of physical activity (memory recall).
What is the problem with a prospective study (Longitudinal)?
Long time period of 5-10 years so people drop out.
Many variables to control that may influence the development of disease due to the length of he study.
High costs involved.
People develop diseases at different times.
Provide one negative and one positive with a clinical trial?
Intervention is normally between six and nine weeks which involves high costs, however the positives of a clinical trial is that there is less variability ability and we have more control over the groups
Provide an example of subjective/self-reports measure?
Interviews and questionnaires