Week 8 (EXAM 2) Flashcards
What is the relationship between gastrocnemius tightness and Achilles tendon?
Gastrocnemius tightness increases Achilles tendon tension, which in turn increases dorsiflexion stiffness and tension in the plantar fascia during weight-bearing activities.
What does the Achilles–calcaneus–plantar system (ACPS) concept suggest?
suggests a functional connection between the Achilles tendon, plantar fascia, and intrinsic foot muscles, reinforcing how tension in one structure can influence another.
What is the effect of Achilles tightness on fore foot?
Biomechanical modeling confirms that Achilles tendon tightness leads to increased forefoot loading and plantar fascia strain, especially during dynamic activities like walking and running.
Can gastroc tightness contribute to plantar fascia?
Yes, Gastrocnemius tightness contributes to plantar fasciitis, metatarsalgia, and dorsal midfoot compression syndrome. Treatments such as calf stretching and night splints can alleviate excessive plantar fascia tension.
Is the sit-to-stand transition (STST) is a mechanically demanding movement?
Yes, it is affected by muscle strength and damage.
How does eccentric exercise Muscle damage affect STST?
eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage alters STST biomechanics, particularly in the knee flexors and extensors.
48 hours post eccentric exercise, how is the STST affected?
Findings 48 hours post-exercise:
* Increased STST duration, especially in the momentum-transfer phase.
* Greater knee joint relative effort, indicating higher energy demand to complete the movement.
* Changes in pelvic and hip kinematics suggest compensatory strategies to counteract muscle weakness.
* Decreased ground reaction forces and joint moments, indicating weakened force generation.
What is the effect of muscle damage on effort?
Muscle damage increases the relative effort required for STST, which is particularly relevant for elderly populations and rehabilitation settings.
Does eccentric muscle damage alter movement? Do DOMS alter movement?
- Eccentric muscle damage significantly affects sit-to-stand movement, requiring compensatory changes.
- Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) alters movement strategy, increasing STST difficulty.
What type of joint is the hip?
The hip joint, as a ball-and-socket joint, provides both stability and mobility necessary for standing posture.
Does pelvic and trunk positioning affect lower limb biomechanics?
Yes, The pelvis and trunk positioning significantly impact lower limb biomechanics, particularly knee loading.
How does hip abductor weakness affect the pelvis?
- Hip abductor weakness can cause contralateral pelvic drop, shifting the center of mass (COM) away from the stance limb and increasing knee adduction moment (KAM).
- Contralateral pelvic drop and trunk lean during standing increase KAM, a major contributor to knee osteoarthritis (OA) progression.
Clinical relevance:
* Strengthening hip abductors may help reduce excessive knee loading.
* Evaluating pelvic obliquity can identify individuals at risk for knee OA and guide targeted rehabilitation interventions.
How does pelvic drop affect knee?
- Pelvic drop increases knee adduction moment (KAM), exacerbating medial knee stress.
- Hip abductor strengthening should be a priority in treating knee OA and movement impairments.
Explain the anterior approach of hip arthroplasty
- Anterior Approach:
- Structures Spared: This muscle-sparing technique utilizes the intermuscular plane between the sartorius and tensor fasciae latae muscles, avoiding detachment of major muscles. 
- Structures Affected: While major muscles are preserved, the anterior joint capsule is incised to access the hip joint.
- Movement Limitations: Postoperatively, patients typically experience fewer movement restrictions and may benefit from a quicker recovery due to muscle preservation.
Explain the posterior approach of hip arthroplasty
- Posterior Approach:
- Structures Spared: The hip abductors, including the gluteus medius and minimus, are preserved, maintaining their function. 
- Structures Affected: This approach involves detachment of the short external rotators (e.g., piriformis) and posterior capsule to access the joint. 
- Movement Limitations: Patients may need to avoid certain movements, such as hip flexion beyond 90 degrees and internal rotation, to reduce dislocation risk.
Explain the lateral approach of hip arthroplasty
- Lateral (Anterolateral) Approach:
- Structures Spared: This approach aims to minimize disruption to the posterior soft tissues, potentially reducing dislocation rates. 
- Structures Affected: The hip abductors, particularly the gluteus medius and minimus, are detached from the greater trochanter and later reattached, which may impact their function during healing. 
- Movement Limitations: Patients might experience temporary abductor weakness, leading to a cautious approach to activities requiring strong hip abduction until recovery is achieved.
Explain the SADDIP and PABED motions
Explain supination and pronation at the ankle joint
What is true regarding the structure of the annulus fibrosis or the normal intervertebral disc
It resists tensile forces in all directions.
T/F An increased Q-Angle would likely be caused by genu valgum or femoral anteversion.
True
A patient has pain along the lateral longitudinal arch of the foot. What muscle would likely be involved?
Peroneus longus
What can contribute to dysfunctional ROM limitations causing (L) trunk deviation with forward bending?
Stiff facet joint capsule on (L)
What accurately describes soft tissue biomechanics that occur during lumbar rotation?
Shear force on the vertebral body; ipsilateral joint capsule stretched
What describes the lumbar spine facet joint arthrokin. motion during (L)
lateral flex. in the neutral?
Ipsilateral facet moves caudal and anterior; contralateral Facet moves cephalic
In the cervical spine, the greatest amount of rotation is available at which segments?
C1 to C2
Which muscles flexes the mid/lower cervical spine and extends the upper cervical spine?
Sternocleidomastoid muscles
During mouth opening first motions occur in the ______ joint and consist of condyle ______
lower, rotation
At T4/T5 vertebral motion segment, what happens regarding rib motion during exhalation?
Anterior, caudal glide T4 costotran. facet; compressed Ribs
