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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the symptoms of breast cancer?

A
  • New lumps, sores or dimpling of the breast
  • Discharge
  • Red or swollen breast
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2
Q

What are some risk factors associated with breast cancer?

A
  • Age
  • Reproductive factors
  • Hormones
  • Diet
  • Smoking
  • Weight
  • Use of the contraceptive pill
  • Lifestyle
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3
Q

How is breast cancer diagnosed?

A
  • Mammography
  • Ultrasound
  • Aspiration
  • Biopsy
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4
Q

What treatment is used for breast cancer?

A

All depends on the extent and stage of the disease

  • Surgery
  • Hormone therapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiotherapy
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5
Q

List three other female reproductive cancers.

A
  • Endometrial
  • Ovarian
  • Cervical
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6
Q

Describe premenstrual syndrome.

A 
Multiple manifestations including 3-14 days before menstruation.
- Mood swings
- Uterine cramping
- Breast tenderness
- Back ache
Related to hormonal changes
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7
Q

List the treatment used for premenstrual syndrome.

A
  • Gonadtropin Releasing Hormone Agonist (GnRH)
  • Contraceptive pill
  • NSAIDs
  • SSRIs
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8
Q

What is amenorrhoea?

Define primary and secondary amenorrhoea.

A

Absence of menstruation
Primary - absence of menarche by 16 years old
Secondary - 6 month without menstruation

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9
Q

Describe Menorrhagia.

A
  • Prolonged or excessive bleeding
  • Thyroid, endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, hormonal disorder, medications, fibroids, cancer
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10
Q

Describe Metorrhagia

A
  • Bleeding between menstrual periods

- Hormonal, pelvic inflammatory disease, polyps, fibroids, cancer

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11
Q

Describe endometriosis.

A
  • Endometrial cells grow outside urine cavity.
  • Can interfere with ovulation, menstrual cycle
  • Causes inflammation, pain, scarring and adhesions
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12
Q

What is urethritis?

A

Inflammation often infection of the urethra.

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13
Q

Describe Phimosis.

A

The foreskin of the penis is “too tight”, can’t be retracted

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14
Q

What is paraphimosis?

A

Foreskin retracted but can’t be pushed forwards

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15
Q

Describe prostatic cancer.

A

Most common male cancer.

Associated with testosterone levels and sexual factors

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16
Q

List the symptoms of prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia

A
  • Weak urinary stream
  • Post-void dribbling
  • Urinary frequency
  • Urgency
  • UTIs
  • Nocturia
  • Outflow obstruction
  • Retention
  • Distended bladder
17
Q

How is Prostate cancer diagnosed?

A
  • History
  • Examination
  • Biopsy
  • Urinalysis
  • Flow studies
  • Ultrasound
18
Q

How can prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia be treated?

A

Depends on the diagnosis and severity.

  • Medication
  • Hormone therapy
  • Radiotherapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Surgery - trans-urethral prostatectomy (TURP)
19
Q

Describe Gonorrhoea.

A

Gm negative diploccous is the bacteria causing Gonorrhoea.

It is transmitted by person to person contact.

20
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of Gonorrhoea.

A
  • Attach by way of pilli to the mucosal cells
  • Invade the epithelial cells lining the cervix and urethra and multiply
  • Eventually, discharged and cause damage and elicit an inflammatory response
  • Occassionally, the bacteria can invade blood vessels and then spread to other parts of the body, such as joints
21
Q

What symptoms are evident in men with gonorrhoea?

A
  • Discharge and dysuria.
  • Untreated = epididymitis
    Up to 10% of men are asymptomatic
22
Q

What symptoms are evident in females with gonorrhoea?

A
  • Up to 90% of women have mild symptoms or are asymptomatic
  • Discharge
  • Dysuria
  • Abnormal menses
  • Cervical oedema
  • pelvic inflammatory disease
23
Q

How is gonorrhoea diagnosed?

A

Microscopy.

  • Swab for Gm negative
  • polymerase chain reaction
  • Co-infection
24
Q

Treatment for Gonorrhoea.

A

Ceftriaxone
Penicillins
Azithromycin

25
Q

Describe Chylamydia

A
  • Symptoms are usually mild or absent
  • Contact tracing
  • Can cause discharge from the penis of an infected man
  • Responsible for major disease, trachoma, leading to blindness
  • Long term complications
26
Q

How is Chylamydia treated?

A
  • Antibiotics
27
Q

Describe Syphilis

A
  • Transmitted through close skin-to-skin contact and is highly contagious when syphilis rash/sore is present
  • There are 3 stages of syphilis and the first 2 are infectious
28
Q

Describe Herpes

A

A viral disease caused by Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2.

29
Q

How is Herpes transmitted?

A
  • Cycle between periods of active disease - presenting as blisters followed by a remission period
  • Through direct contact, skin-to-skin
30
Q

Herpes Treatment

A
  • Currently no cure
  • Antiviral medication
    >Zovirax
    > Valtrex
    > Famvir
31
Q

Describe genital warts.

A
  • Pinkish-brown masses

- Found on the penis, scrotum, vulva, cervix, perianal, and/or perineal regions

32
Q

How are genital warts diagnosed?

A

Mainly on clinical exams - pap smears

- polymerase chain reaction

33
Q

How are genital warts treated?

A
  • Removal
34
Q

Describe HIV.

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

  • Destroys CD4+ T cells, one type of white blood cell important to the immune system defences
  • The infected person thus, becomes progressively more susceptible to infections and cancers.
35
Q

Describe Candida fungi.

A

Not an STI
- Indicative of a local or systemic weakness in the immune system
- Often occurs after extended treatment of broad spectrum antibiotics
- Candida prefers neutral pH of 7
(Thrush)

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (12 decks)

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