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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 > Cardiac Definitions > Flashcards

Cardiac Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

Aneurysm

A

A localised dilation or ballooning of a blood vessel, usually in the arteries at the base of the brain and in the aorta.

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2
Q

Angina

A

A clinical syndrome of myocardial ischaemia ranging between stable angina and myocardial infarction. (It is pain or discomfort that happens when your heart can’t get enough blood and oxygen)

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3
Q

Angiography/Angiogram

A

A procedure in which a special x-ray of the heart’s arteries (coronary arteries) is taken to see if they are narrowed or blocked. It is an important test used when a doctor suspects or knows a patient has coronary heart disease

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4
Q

Arrhythmia

A

Means ‘without cardiac rhythm’. Arrhythmia can range in severity from occasional ‘missed’ or rapid beats to serious disturbances that impair the pumping ability of the heart and may result in either heart failure or death

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5
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

A type of arteriosclerosis in which cholesterol and lipid deposits accumulate on the innermost layer of the walls of large and medium-sized arteries.

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6
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

A condition in which the cardiac muscle of the heart wall becomes dysfunctional because of ischaemic or non-ischaemic mechanisms

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7
Q

Coronary

A

Relating to or denoting the arteries which surround and supply the heart

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8
Q

Diaphoresis

A

The medical term used to describe excessive, abnormal sweating in relation to your environment and activity level. It tends to affect your entire body rather than a part of your body

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9
Q

Diastolic

A

Referring to the time when the heart is in a period of relaxation and dilation

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10
Q

Echocardiogram

A

A diagnostic test which uses ultra sound waves to wake images of the heart chambers, valves and surrounding structures. It can check cardiac output and is a sensitive test for fluid around the heart. It can also be used to detect abnormal anatomy or infections of the heart valves

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11
Q

Electrocardiogram

A

Records the amount of electrical activity of the heart using a number of electrodes that are placed in specific locations on the body surface. These electrodes reflect different aspects of the heart

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12
Q

Haematogenous

A

Originating in, or carried by, the blood

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13
Q

Hypotension

A

Decrease blood pressure. Postural hypotension is a decrease in blood pressure compensation in response to gravitational changes on the circulation.

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14
Q

Hypertension

A

The consistent elevation of systemic arterial blood pressure. Increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), heart failure and strokes.

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15
Q

Infarction

A

Injury or death of tissue resulting from inadequate blood supply, especially as a result of obstruction of the local circulation by a thrombus or embolus

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16
Q

Ischaemia

A

Insufficient blood flow to tissues that may result in hypoxia and subsequent cell injury or death

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17
Q

Myocardial

A

The middle muscular layer of the heart. It forms the bulk of the heart wall

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18
Q

Pericarditis

A

The sac-like covering around the heart becomes inflamed. This can be caused by a bacterial, fungal or viral infection. It may also be a result of trauma/injury to the chest, oesphagus or heart. Pain occurs as a result of the inflamed pericardium rubbing against the parietal layer

19
Q

Systolic

A

The blood pressure when the heart is contracting. It is specifically the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. The time at which ventricular contraction occurs is called systole

20
Q

Tachycardia

A

Fast heart rate (100 beats per minute) common type of heart rhythm disorder in which the heart beats faster than normal

21
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of the blood vessels that results from contraction of the muscular walls of the vessels

22
Q

Vasodilation

A

Widening of blood vessels that results from relaxation of the muscular walls of the vessels. What widens in vasodilation is actually the diameter of the interior (lumen) of the vessel

23
Q

Vasospasm

A

A vasospasm is the narrowing of the arteries caused by persistent contraction of the blood vessels, which is known as vasoconstriction. The narrowing can reduce blood flow.

24
Q

Afterload

A

The amount of resistance the heart must overcome to open the aortic valve and push the blood volume out into the systemic circulation

25
Q

Anaphylactic Shock

A

Refers to the body’s reaction (overwhelming) to an antigen. Massive amounts of histamine mediates the inflammatory response. Vasodilation causes a drop in the BP leading to hypoperfusion. Bronchospasms occur within the lungs. Increased tissue permeability results in oedema

26
Q

Chronotropes

A

Influencing the rate especially of the heartbeat.

  • Positive chronotropes increase heart rate
  • Negative chronotropes decrease heart rate
27
Q

Cardiogenic Shock

A

This is caused by failure of the heart to pump efficiently. Low cardiac output results in poor perfusion.

28
Q

Cardiac Tamponade

A

A life-threatening situation in which there is such a large amount of fluid (usually blood) inside the pericardial sac around the heart that interferes with the performance of the heart.

29
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The amount of blood the heart pumps through the circulatory system in a minute

30
Q

Cardiac Reserve

A

The difference between the rate at which a heart pumps blood at a particular time and its maximum capacity for pumping blood

31
Q

Cardiac Failure

A

Sometimes known as Heart Failure or congestive heart failure. Occurs when your heart muscle doesn’t pump blood as well as it should

32
Q

Cor Pulmonale

A

(Right Sided Heart Failure)

Resulting from prolonged hypertension secondary to pulmonary hypertension

33
Q

Crystalloids

A

A type of fluid used in IV clinical therapy. They contain electrolytes and non-electrolytes. This will be used based on the patient’s condition, they will be chosen as a fluid replacement and to maintain a steady state and help the body achieve different outcomes

34
Q

Colloids

A

A homogenous non-crystalline substance consistency of large molecules or ultra micoscopic particles of one substance dispersed through a second substance. Colloids include gels, sols, and emulsions.

35
Q

Diuretics

A

Sometimes called water pills, treat a variety of conditions such as high blood pressure, glaucoma and oedema. Help rid the body of salt and water. Most work by enhancing the flow of urine

36
Q

Hypovolaemic Shock

A

Loss of circulating blood volume. It occurs when the compensatory mechanisms fail, resulting in a drop in CO2 and hypoperfusion

37
Q

Inotropes

A

A type of medication that changes the force of your heart’s contractions
Positive inotropes = strengthen force
Negative inotropes = wealen force

38
Q

Left sided heart failure

A

Inadequate cardiac output from the left ventricle to supply sufficient blood for the body’s needs. Backwards effects include pulmonary congestion and oedema which manifests as dyspnoea and cyanosis. Forwards effects include poor perfusion to the organs

39
Q

Neurogenic Shock

A

Results from the interruption of the autonomic nerve supply from the central nervous system. Reduces cardiac output and increases vasodilation

40
Q

Preload

A

The amount of ventricular stretch at the end of diastole.

41
Q

Pulmonary oedema

A

A condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the nervous system numerous air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe

42
Q

Peripheral Vascular Disease

A

The reduced circulation of blood to a body part other than the brain or heart.

43
Q

Septic Shock

A

Shock related to sepsis. Sepsis is life threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.

44
Q

Vasoactive Drugs

A

Drugs that have the effect of increasing or decreasing blood pressure and/or heart rate through its effect on blood vessels

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (12 decks)

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