Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 > Week 2 > Flashcards

Week 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe cardiac reserve

A

when the heart is above normal situation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe Congestive Heart Failure

A
  • An impairment of the pumping ability of the heart due to damage
  • Increase in workload due to hypertension or a malfunctioning heart valve, or genetic predisposition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe Left Sided Heart Failure

A
  • Blood backs up through the left atrium into the pulmonary veins
  • Results in pulmonary congestion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the causes of left sided heart failure?

A
  • Hypertension/atherosclerosis
  • AMI
  • Malfunction of a heart valve
  • Genetic predisposition
  • Cardiomyopathy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the clinical signs and symptoms of left sided heart failure?

A
  • Pulmonary congestion (fine lung crackles)
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Cough
  • Cyanosis
  • Haemoptysis
  • Tachycardia
  • Tachypnoea
  • Skin cool and diaphoretic
  • Fatigue
  • Dyspnoea
  • Orthopnoea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the treatments for heart failure?

A
  • Medication

- Lifestyle changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe right sided heart failure.

A

Flows back up through the right atrium to the venous circulation

  • Venous and organ congestion
  • Peripheral oedema (pitting ankle oedema)
  • Enlarged liver and spleen
  • Distention of jugular vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the causes of right sided heart failure?

A
  • Chronic hypoxaemia - pulmonary vasoconstriction and increased red blood cell production causing increased blood viscosity, both cause pulmonary hypertension
  • AMI
  • Malfunctioning heart valve (tricuspid)
  • Genetic predisposition, diseases, toxins
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

List 7 signs and symptoms of right sided heart failure

A
  • Peripheral oedema
  • Ascites
  • Jugular vein distention
  • Increased central venous pressure
  • Weakness
  • Pulmonary hypertension
  • Weight gain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the treatments for right sided heart failure?

A

Treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms and improving quality of life

  • Correct reversible causes
  • Decreasing afterload
  • Reduce oedema - e.g. diuretics
  • Improving oxygenation
  • Improving cardiac function = medication
  • Reducing anxiety
  • Education
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe pulmonary oedema

A

Accumulation of fluid in the alveoli
Capillary fluid moves into alveoli
- Impairs gas exchange in alveoli
- Causes lung stiffness = harder to inhale
- Extreme shortness of breath and central cyanosis
- Crackles heard on auscultation
- Frothy sputum: maybe bloodstained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How is pulmonary oedema managed?

A 
Reduce fluid in pulmonary circulation 
- Diuretics - help treat fluid retention and pulmonary oedema 
Improve performance of left side of heart
- Nitrates - reduce preload
- Support respiration
- Anti-arrhythmic drugs
Support respiratory effort
Morphine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the nursing interventions associated with pulmonary oedema?

A
  • Assessment and monitoring
  • Support respiratory effort
  • Medication administration
  • Monitor fluid balance
  • Appropriate rest, assistance with general hygiene
  • Diet restrictions
  • Skin integrity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the different types of Diuretics?

A
  • Loop
  • Thiazide
  • Potassium-sparing
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How do diuretics work?

A

Increase of sodium into the urine by the kidneys. Sodium takes water with it from your blood = decreases fluid flowing through your blood vessels. Reduces pressure on artery walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are some nursing considerations associated with giving diuretics?

A
  • Vital signs
  • Monitor fluid balance
  • Blood results - electrolyte balance & urea and creatine
  • Patient weight
  • Oedema and ascites
  • Monitor for excessive diuresis
17
Q

Describe Shock Syndrome

A

Shock is an altered physiological state that can affect the functioning of every cell and organ system in the body; it is a complex syndrome reflecting decreased blood flow to body tissues with resulting cellular dysfunction and eventual organ failure

18
Q

Describe Hypovolaemic Shock

A
  • Refers to loss of circulating blood volume
  • Occurs when the compensatory mechanisms fail
  • This results in a drop of CO2 and hypoperfusion
    Causes:
  • Haemorrhage
  • Burns
  • Dehydration
19
Q

Define stage 1 of hypovolaemic shock

A
  1. Initial
    Body’s compensatory mechanisms are effective
    No visible changes
20
Q

Define stage 2 of hypovolaemic shock

A 
2. Compensatory
Body's primary goal is to maintain blood flow to heart and brain through vasoconstriction (adrenaline) and shunting to vital organs. 
Anaerobic metabolism occurs
Signs and symptoms:
- Decreased peripheral blood flow 
-Tachycardia
- Pulse pressure narrows
- Initially BP may be normal
- Urine output decreases
- Early signs and symptoms of shock
21
Q

Define stage 3 of hypovolaemic shock

A 
3. Progressive
Compensatory mechanisms begin to fail.
The prolonged vasoconstriction will also cause the vital organs to be compromised due to reduced perfusion. 
Systolic pressure falls.
Signs and symptoms:
- Tachypnoea/cardia
- Weak pulse
- Narrow pulse pressure
- Flat neck veins
- Pale/cool/clammy
- Hypotension
- Oliguria
22
Q

Define stage 4 of hypovolaemic shock

A
  1. Refractory
    At this stage, vital organs have failed and the shock can no longer be reversed
    Cellular necrosis due to lack of oxygen
    Multisystem organ failure
23
Q

What is the nursing management related to hypovolaemic shock?

A
  • Treat the cause
  • Oxygen therapy
  • Replace fluid loss
  • May need inotropic drug
  • Urine output
  • Suppine position
24
Q

Describe cardiogenic shock

A

Caused by failure of the heart to pump efficiently. Low cardic output results in poor perfusion

  • MI - decrease efficiently to pump
  • Cardiac tamponade
  • Mitral regurgitation
  • Congenital problems; myopathy
25
Q

What is the nursing management associated with cardiogenic shock?

A
  • Monitoring of the patient
  • Supplemental oxygen
  • Vasoactive drugs
  • Thrombolysis
  • Surgery: CABG, PTCA
  • Strict fluid balance
26
Q

Describe Septic Shock

A

Life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection.
Septic shock is a subset of sepsis with circulatory and cellular metabolic dysfunction associated with a higher risk of mortality

27
Q

What treatment can be used for septic shock?

A

Treat causes:

  • Antibiotics
  • Fluids
  • Inotropes (noradrenaline)
28
Q

Describe neurogenic shock

A 
Results from the interruption of the autonomic nerve supply from the CNS
Reduces cardiac output
Hypoperfusion
Causes:
- Trauma to spinal cord: oedema/severed
- Brain injuries affecting brain stem
29
Q

What is the nursing management associated with Neurogenic Shock?

A
  • Monitoring of patient
  • Oxygen
  • Atropine - treat bradycardia
  • Noradrenaline
  • Fluid replacement
  • Nutritional support
30
Q

Describe anaphylactic shock

A
  • Refers to the bodies overwhelming reaction to an antigen
  • Massive amounts of histamine mediates the inflammatory response
  • Vasodilation causes a drop in the BP leading to hypoperfusion
  • Bronchospasm occurs within the lungs
  • Increased tissue permeability results in oedema
31
Q

What is the nursing management of anaphylactic shock?

A
  • Oxygen
  • IM adrenaline 0.5mg-1mg of 1:1000 (adults)
  • Fluid replacement
  • Steroids - hydrocortisone

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions