Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PAR2031 - Pharmacology > Week 8 > Flashcards

Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

A physiological barrier that protects the brain

  • prevents many drugs from crossing unless they have significant lipid solubility
  • Alteration in the integrity of BBB such as inflammation can allow drugs such as penicillin to be used to treat bacterial meningitis.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the red nucleus?

A

A checkpoint to determine if stimulus is detrimental to body, then convey message to various parts of the body (reflex example)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A

GABA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the main excitatory neurotransmitter?

A

Glutamate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are two ways in which negative feedback can work?

A

Turning off excitatory nerves or turn on inhibitory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are two ways in which negative feedback can work?

A

Turning off excitatory neurons or turn on inhibitory neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Explain plasticity of the brain?

A

Long term potentiation (LTP) and long term depression (LTD) can facilitate changes in neurological signaling and adaption.

Basically the more you do something the more neuronal connections are created around it. The less you do something the more neuronal connections you lose…

Learning, memory, dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What do general anaesthetics do?

A

Used to render patients unaware of, or unresponsive to, painful stimulation during surgical procedures

  • Alters consciousness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the main types of general anaesthetics?

A
  • inhalational

- intravenous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 main components of The Anaesthetic State?

A
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Analgesia
  • Muscle relation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 3 main phases of general anaesthesia?

A
  • Induction
  • Maintenance
  • Recovery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What do mosr anaesthetics do to the CNS inhibitory transmitter GABA and CNS excitatory receptors glutamate and nACHR’s?

A
  • Enhance GABA activity

- inhibit excitatory receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are 3 anaesthetics and their characteristics?

A

Thiopentone - rapid onset but slower recovery and can cause laryngospasm

Propofol - fast onset and recovery but higher incidence of hypotension and injection pain

Midazolam - least effective but has amnesic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are inhalational anaesthetics typically used for?

A

the maintenance of anaesthesia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The rate of induction and recovery from inhilational anaesthetics is dependant on what?

A

the lipid solubility of the compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Inhalational anaesthetics effects are directly proportional to what?

A

the partial pressure of the drug in the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What factors cause faster induction time for inhalational anaesthetics

A
  • high inspired concentration
  • increased ventilation
  • low blood gas solubility
  • increased alveolar-to-capillary pressure difference
18
Q

WHat happens with inhalational anaesthetics when increased alveolar ventilations occurs?

A

Rate of recovery increases.

19
Q

What is Minimum alveolar concentration inversely related with?

A

potency

20
Q

WHat are issues with Nitrous oxide as an inhalational anaesthetic?

A

Low potency (must be combined with other agents) but rapid induction and recovery

21
Q

WHat are issues with Halothane as an inhalational anaesthetic?

A

potent and widely used but can cause dysrythmias and lover damahe

22
Q

WHat are issues with Isoflurane as an inhalational anaesthetic?

A

less toxicity than halothane but irritates respiratory tract and can cause myocardial ischaemia

23
Q

Normal cellular homeostasis and equilibrium results in an electrochemical potential difference between what?

A

ECF and ICF

24
Q

If GABA acts on a receptor it is it more or less likey to reach AP?

A

Less

25
Q

What is the hierarchy of signals in neurons?

A

All neurons have many inputs along dendrites and the cell body which affect AP, but they don’t all have equal weighting or priority

26
Q

What receptor does GABA work on?

A

GABA-a

27
Q

What is allosteric modulation?

A

the modulation of a receptor by the binding of an effector molecule at the receptors allosteric site.

28
Q

What is an allosteric activator?

A

Effectors binding to a receptors allosteric site that enhance a receptors activity

29
Q

What is an allosteric inhibitor

A

Effectors binding to a receptors allosteric site that decrease a receptors activity

30
Q

What family of drugs is midazolam?

A

Benzodiazapine

31
Q

What type of receptor is NMDA?

A

Ligand-gated sodium and calcium ion channel

32
Q

Where is NMDA located and what does it do?

A

Located in CNS

- Allows for perception of pain when activated

33
Q

What is Ketamine?

A

Classed as a channel blocker, physically blocking ion flux

No ion flux -> no AP -> no transmission of pain signal

34
Q

Explain Ketamine

A

Dissociative anaesthesia

Disrupts pathways between ANS and CNS.

Creates trance like state

Respiration mostly uninterrupted

Can raise ICP and BP

35
Q

What are benzodiazepines?

A

Allosteric modulators of the GABA-a receptor

36
Q

What do benzodiazepines do?

A

cause a change in the receptor increasing the affinity of GABA binding.

Increase the effects of GABA

37
Q

Benzodiazepines are commonly used for?

A
  • Anxiety, panic disorder
  • Seizures, Muscle spasm
  • Acute behavioural disturbance, acute alcohol
  • withdrawal
  • sedation for intensive care procedures
38
Q

Why do we use benzo (midaz) in pre hospital settings?

A

Quick onset
Short duration
Quicker recovery

Half life = less than 6 hours

39
Q

benzo bind to which site on GABA receptor?

A

Allosteric modulation site, but do not affect Cl conductance

40
Q

What is a barbiturate?

A

bind to different allosteric modulation site and cause change in GABA receptor increasing infinity of GABA receptor

41
Q

break down how midazolam works

A

midaz -> increase GABA -> inhibits neuronal pathways -> Prevent depolarisation by hyperpolarising cell

PAR2031 - Pharmacology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions