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PAR2031 - Pharmacology > Exam revision - Key points > Flashcards

Exam revision - Key points Flashcards

1
Q

What is a good definition of a drug?

A

a drug is a chemical substance of known structure that when administered produced a biological effect

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2
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The study of the effects of drugs on the function of living systems.

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3
Q

What is a medicine?

A

a chemical preparation administered with the intention of producing a therapeutic effect

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4
Q

Most drugs have 3 different names, what are they?

A

Chemical name
Generic (non-proprietary) name
Trade (proprietary) name

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5
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

maintence of a constant internal environment with a balance of physiological variables despite external conditions and stressors

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6
Q

How does diffusion work?

A

Movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration

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7
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

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8
Q

Explain osmolarity in regards to Hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions?

A
  • RBC’s placed in hypotonic solutions may swell and burst
  • RBC’s placed in isotonic solution remain constant
  • RBC’s placed in hypertonic will shrink and lyse
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9
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

protein catalysts that lower activation energy required for chemical reactions to proceed

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10
Q

WHat does a low pH indicate in relation to H+ ions?

A

More hydrogen means lower pH. Lower pH is more acidic

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11
Q

What is the normal pH range?

A

7.34 - 7.45

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12
Q

What are pharmacodynamics?

A

What the drug does to the body

  • the way in which drugs interact with the body in order for a therapeutic action to occur
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13
Q

Most moelcular drug targets are proteins. List the 4 most common targets:

A
  • Receptors (nicotinic, muscarinic, alpha and beta, G protein coupled)
  • Ion channels (calcium channels)
  • Enzymes (ACE)
  • Carriers/transports (noradrenaline/serotonin transports)
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14
Q

Explain selectivity with ligands and receptors?

A

when the key does/doesnt fit lock

a ligand binds to a specific receptor and the rate in which it binds

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15
Q

Explain antagonist

A

Key kits, but doesnt open

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16
Q

Explain agonist

A

key fits and opens

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17
Q

Define affinity

A

ability to bind to a receptor site

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18
Q

Define efficacy

A

the ability of a substance which has bound at a receptor site to generate a ‘stimulus’, hence produce biological effect

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19
Q

Define potency

A

relates to the dose or concentration at which the drug produces an effect

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20
Q

How is it that drugs work on receptors?

A
  • They mimic endogenous ligands…
  • ## they can block endogenous ligands
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21
Q

What is EC50?

A

EC50 is the half maximal effect concentration.

What concentration is required to get 50% maximal response

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22
Q

What is Emax

A

concentration at which maximal response occurs

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23
Q

What is a full agonist?

A

produced maximal response equal to maximum response of tissue

24
Q

what is partial agonist

A

produces maximal response which is less than maximal response to tissue

25
What are the 3 types of antagonism
- physiological - chemical - pharmacokinetic
26
What is non-competitive antagonist?
Binds to allosteric site to turn response down
27
define pharmacokinetics?
the study of the movement of drugs unto within and out of the body and factors effecting this
28
What is pharmacokinetics important for?
- attaining plasma range of drug within the therapeutic range
29
What are the 4 stages in pharmacokinetics?
Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion
30
What is the major barrier to drug distribution in body?
The hydrophobic core of phospholipid bilayer
31
What are the factors that affect drug absorption?
Nature of cell membrane Blood flow The solubility of the drug - Size - molecular weight over 500 makes it difficult The ionisation of drugs (slightly ionised moved through well, highly ionised struggle) Formulation - enteric coating etc
32
Explain the importance of ionisation of drugs
Most drugs are weak acids. Ionised drugs = low lipid solubility = weak base = hard to move across membranes UNionised drugs = high lipid solubility = weak acid = moves across membranes well
33
What is bioavailability?
The proportion of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation as an intact drug
34
What factors influence bioavailability?
Drug factors: - pH - Size - susceptibility to breakdown/digestion in gut - susceptibility to breakdown by liver enzymes Patient factors: - presence of food - gastric motility - blood flow
35
What are factors effecting distribution?
How easily it moves out of vasculature: - size - lipophilic tendance - degree of ionisation - binding to plasma proteins How well it's delivered to tissues - blood flow to particular regions Whether it's held within the tissue - binding to extravascular sites including tissues Blood brain barrier Placental barrier
36
What is volume of distribution?
an equation to determine how much drug has left vasculature into tissues -> the more compartments the drug moves into the larger the VD
37
What are some key points of drug metabolism?
- Process nearly always performed by enzymes - Liver is primary site of metabolism - Aim is to prepare drugs for excretion, though sometimes it converst into active state.
38
What do the enzymes do in metabolism?
Essentially make it more water soluble so it can be excreted by kidneys.
39
What is first pass metabolism?
absorbed and travels in portal vein to liver where it is absorbed and excreted. some of the drug re-enteres circulation, and some is abosred and excreted initially
40
What are the phases of enzymatic metabolism? EXAM
Phase 1: Catabolic/Functionalisation | Phase 2: Synthetic/Conjugation
41
What is an isoenzyme?
Enzymes that cataylse the same reaction
42
What is enzyme induction?
increased activity of metabolising enzymes getting used to alcohol
43
What is enzyme inhibition?
competition for the same enzyme.
44
What are sites for drug clearance?
Kidney and Liver
45
What is first order elimination?
Constant % of drug eliminated Has a half life below 10% after 4 half lifes
46
What is zero order elimination?
elimination is constant rate of reaction is independent of concentration No half life
47
what is an adverse drug reaction?
any response to a drug that is harmful, unintended and which occurs at doses normally used in treatment
48
how to identify and adverse drug reaction?
- timing - pattern of recognition - investigation
49
What are the types of adverse drug reactions?
- Type A (augmented) - Type B (Bizarre) - Type C (Continuous) - Type D (Delayed) - Type E (end of use) - Type F (failure)
50
What is a mutgen?
physical or chemical agent that causes genetic material to undergo detectable and heritable structural cell
51
What is a carcinogen?
agent that causes cell to become neoplastic
52
What are teratogenic drugs?
any drug that interferes with normal foetal development causing one or more developmental abnormalities
53
What are the pharmacokinetic changed during pregnancy?
Absorption: - may be increased or decreased bu the GIT - drug absorption from the lungs may be increased due to ventilation rates - drug absorption from the skin may be increased due to increased surface area Distribution: - Altered body composition - Altered fluid distribution Metabolism: - Hepatic enzyme activity can be increased or decreased Excretion: - Maternal renal blood flor and GFR increase during first 8 months
54
What is the categorisation system used from medicines during pregnancy?
Category A - no proven harm Category B1 - studies in animals have not shown any fetal damage Category B2 - studies in animals are inadequate or may be lacking Category B3 - studies in animals have shown evidence of increased foetal damage Category C - Have caused or may be suspected of causing harmful effects Category D - suspected to or expected to cause malformations or irreversible damage Category X - high risk of permanent damage
55
What are pharmacokinetic changes in kids?
- Renal excretion decreased in neonates. reaches adult levels at 3-6 months - altered distribution
56
What are extrapyramidal reactions?
range of side effects

PAR2031 - Pharmacology (13 decks)

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