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PAR2031 - Pharmacology > Exam revision - Key points > Flashcards

Exam revision - Key points Flashcards

1
Q

What is a good definition of a drug?

A

a drug is a chemical substance of known structure that when administered produced a biological effect

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2
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

The study of the effects of drugs on the function of living systems.

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3
Q

What is a medicine?

A

a chemical preparation administered with the intention of producing a therapeutic effect

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4
Q

Most drugs have 3 different names, what are they?

A

Chemical name
Generic (non-proprietary) name
Trade (proprietary) name

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5
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

maintence of a constant internal environment with a balance of physiological variables despite external conditions and stressors

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6
Q

How does diffusion work?

A

Movement of solute from high concentration to low concentration

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7
Q

What is osmosis?

A

Osmosis is the diffusion of water from low solute concentration to high solute concentration

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8
Q

Explain osmolarity in regards to Hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions?

A
  • RBC’s placed in hypotonic solutions may swell and burst
  • RBC’s placed in isotonic solution remain constant
  • RBC’s placed in hypertonic will shrink and lyse
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9
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

protein catalysts that lower activation energy required for chemical reactions to proceed

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10
Q

WHat does a low pH indicate in relation to H+ ions?

A

More hydrogen means lower pH. Lower pH is more acidic

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11
Q

What is the normal pH range?

A

7.34 - 7.45

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12
Q

What are pharmacodynamics?

A

What the drug does to the body

  • the way in which drugs interact with the body in order for a therapeutic action to occur
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13
Q

Most moelcular drug targets are proteins. List the 4 most common targets:

A
  • Receptors (nicotinic, muscarinic, alpha and beta, G protein coupled)
  • Ion channels (calcium channels)
  • Enzymes (ACE)
  • Carriers/transports (noradrenaline/serotonin transports)
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14
Q

Explain selectivity with ligands and receptors?

A

when the key does/doesnt fit lock

a ligand binds to a specific receptor and the rate in which it binds

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15
Q

Explain antagonist

A

Key kits, but doesnt open

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16
Q

Explain agonist

A

key fits and opens

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17
Q

Define affinity

A

ability to bind to a receptor site

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18
Q

Define efficacy

A

the ability of a substance which has bound at a receptor site to generate a ‘stimulus’, hence produce biological effect

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19
Q

Define potency

A

relates to the dose or concentration at which the drug produces an effect

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20
Q

How is it that drugs work on receptors?

A
  • They mimic endogenous ligands…
  • ## they can block endogenous ligands
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21
Q

What is EC50?

A

EC50 is the half maximal effect concentration.

What concentration is required to get 50% maximal response

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22
Q

What is Emax

A

concentration at which maximal response occurs

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23
Q

What is a full agonist?

A

produced maximal response equal to maximum response of tissue

24
Q

what is partial agonist

A

produces maximal response which is less than maximal response to tissue

25
Q

What are the 3 types of antagonism

A
  • physiological
  • chemical
  • pharmacokinetic
26
Q

What is non-competitive antagonist?

A

Binds to allosteric site to turn response down

27
Q

define pharmacokinetics?

A

the study of the movement of drugs unto within and out of the body and factors effecting this

28
Q

What is pharmacokinetics important for?

A
  • attaining plasma range of drug within the therapeutic range
29
Q

What are the 4 stages in pharmacokinetics?

A

Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion

30
Q

What is the major barrier to drug distribution in body?

A

The hydrophobic core of phospholipid bilayer

31
Q

What are the factors that affect drug absorption?

A

Nature of cell membrane
Blood flow
The solubility of the drug - Size - molecular weight over 500 makes it difficult
The ionisation of drugs (slightly ionised moved through well, highly ionised struggle)
Formulation - enteric coating etc

32
Q

Explain the importance of ionisation of drugs

A

Most drugs are weak acids.

Ionised drugs = low lipid solubility = weak base = hard to move across membranes

UNionised drugs = high lipid solubility = weak acid = moves across membranes well

33
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

The proportion of the drug that reaches the systemic circulation as an intact drug

34
Q

What factors influence bioavailability?

A

Drug factors:

  • pH
  • Size
  • susceptibility to breakdown/digestion in gut
  • susceptibility to breakdown by liver enzymes

Patient factors:

  • presence of food
  • gastric motility
  • blood flow
35
Q

What are factors effecting distribution?

A

How easily it moves out of vasculature:

  • size
  • lipophilic tendance
  • degree of ionisation
  • binding to plasma proteins

How well it’s delivered to tissues
- blood flow to particular regions

Whether it’s held within the tissue
- binding to extravascular sites including tissues

Blood brain barrier

Placental barrier

36
Q

What is volume of distribution?

A

an equation to determine how much drug has left vasculature into tissues

-> the more compartments the drug moves into the larger the VD

37
Q

What are some key points of drug metabolism?

A
  • Process nearly always performed by enzymes
  • Liver is primary site of metabolism
  • Aim is to prepare drugs for excretion, though sometimes it converst into active state.
38
Q

What do the enzymes do in metabolism?

A

Essentially make it more water soluble so it can be excreted by kidneys.

39
Q

What is first pass metabolism?

A

absorbed and travels in portal vein to liver where it is absorbed and excreted.

some of the drug re-enteres circulation, and some is abosred and excreted initially

40
Q

What are the phases of enzymatic metabolism?

EXAM

A

Phase 1: Catabolic/Functionalisation

Phase 2: Synthetic/Conjugation

41
Q

What is an isoenzyme?

A

Enzymes that cataylse the same reaction

42
Q

What is enzyme induction?

A

increased activity of metabolising enzymes

getting used to alcohol

43
Q

What is enzyme inhibition?

A

competition for the same enzyme.

44
Q

What are sites for drug clearance?

A

Kidney and Liver

45
Q

What is first order elimination?

A

Constant % of drug eliminated
Has a half life

below 10% after 4 half lifes

46
Q

What is zero order elimination?

A

elimination is constant

rate of reaction is independent of concentration

No half life

47
Q

what is an adverse drug reaction?

A

any response to a drug that is harmful, unintended and which occurs at doses normally used in treatment

48
Q

how to identify and adverse drug reaction?

A
  • timing
  • pattern of recognition
  • investigation
49
Q

What are the types of adverse drug reactions?

A
  • Type A (augmented)
  • Type B (Bizarre)
  • Type C (Continuous)
  • Type D (Delayed)
  • Type E (end of use)
  • Type F (failure)
50
Q

What is a mutgen?

A

physical or chemical agent that causes genetic material to undergo detectable and heritable structural cell

51
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

agent that causes cell to become neoplastic

52
Q

What are teratogenic drugs?

A

any drug that interferes with normal foetal development causing one or more developmental abnormalities

53
Q

What are the pharmacokinetic changed during pregnancy?

A

Absorption:

  • may be increased or decreased bu the GIT
  • drug absorption from the lungs may be increased due to ventilation rates
  • drug absorption from the skin may be increased due to increased surface area

Distribution:

  • Altered body composition
  • Altered fluid distribution

Metabolism:
- Hepatic enzyme activity can be increased or decreased

Excretion:
- Maternal renal blood flor and GFR increase during first 8 months

54
Q

What is the categorisation system used from medicines during pregnancy?

A

Category A - no proven harm
Category B1 - studies in animals have not shown any fetal damage
Category B2 - studies in animals are inadequate or may be lacking
Category B3 - studies in animals have shown evidence of increased foetal damage
Category C - Have caused or may be suspected of causing harmful effects
Category D - suspected to or expected to cause malformations or irreversible damage
Category X - high risk of permanent damage

55
Q

What are pharmacokinetic changes in kids?

A
  • Renal excretion decreased in neonates. reaches adult levels at 3-6 months
  • altered distribution
56
Q

What are extrapyramidal reactions?

A

range of side effects

PAR2031 - Pharmacology (13 decks)

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