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PAR2031 - Pharmacology > Week 6 > Flashcards

Week 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in the somatic NS?

A

Ach

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2
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in the parasympathetic NS?

A

Ach

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3
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in the sympathetic NS?

A

Ach and NA

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4
Q

What receptor sites are in the somatic NS?

A

Nicotinic

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5
Q

What receptor sites are in the parasympathetic NS?

A

Nicotinic and muscarinic

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6
Q

What receptor sites are in the sympathetic NS?

A

Nicotinic and adrenergic

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7
Q

What type of channels are nicotinic receptors linked to?

A

ion channels

referred to as ligand-gated ion channels or ionotropic channels

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8
Q

How many Ach transmitters do you need top open a nicotinic ligand-gated ion channel?

A

2

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9
Q

How does botulism work as a paralysis agent?

A

Botulinum cleaves SNARE proteins that would usually pull the synaptic vesicle to the membrane wall for Ach Release.

Instead it floats back away from the membrane wall and float up into the presynaptic side

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10
Q

What does Tetrodotoxin (TXX) do?

A

affects presynaptic transmission

Block presynaptic NA+ channels

Example - Blue ringed octopus, puffer fish

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11
Q

What are non-polarising blocking drugs?

A

Drugs that act as competitive antagonists for the AChR and do not stimulate the receptor

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12
Q

What is a depolarising blocking drug?

A

ACh agonist that causes NMJ blockade through sustained depolarisation

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13
Q

what is the single drug used as a depolarising blocking drug?

A

suxamethonium

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14
Q

What are some side effects of Non-polarising blockers?

A
  • Ganglion blockade

- Histamine release from mast cells (bronchospasm, rash etc)

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15
Q

what is the non polarising blocker used by AV?

A

rocoronium

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16
Q

Why do we initially see muscle fasciculations?

A

fatigue due to ion channels being held open

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17
Q

What are the G-protein coupled receptors?

A
  • Muscarinic
  • ACh receptor
  • Alpha
  • Beta
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18
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels are referred to as ionotropic, what are Muscarinic ACh receptors coupled to G-proteins called?

A

Metabotropic

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19
Q

What is the function of G proteins?

A

to respond to activated receptors and pass on the message to the effector system

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20
Q

What are the subtypes of muscarinic receptors?

A
  • Neural
  • Cardiac
  • Skeletal muscle
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21
Q

What are the effects of activating the SNS?

A
  • Increased HR (force and contraction)
  • Increased BP
  • Increased CO
  • Diverting blood from non-essential tissue
  • Increased blood clotting
  • Bronchodilation (but not RR)
  • Increased fuel (glucose)
22
Q

What receptors release what during SNS activation?

A

Noradrenaline released from post ganglionic neurons

Adrenaline released by adrenal medulla

23
Q

Differentiate between Alpha 1 and Alpha 2 receptors?

A

Alpha 1

  • constricts peripheral blood vessels
  • dilate pupils
  • increase heart contractility - relaxes GI smooth muslces

Alpha 2:
- constrict vascular smooth muscle

24
Q

What are alpha receptor agonists?

A
  • Noradrenaline

- High concentration adrenaline

25
Q

What are the effects of alpha receptor agonists?

A
  • minor constriction of cardiac, cerebral, pulmonary vasculature @ receptors in blood vessels
  • Generalised vasoconstriction causes increased BP
  • vasoconstriction and increased CO (contracttility increase BP)
  • baroreceptors / hypothalamus attemps to cause reflec bradycardia
26
Q

What happens when beta receptors are activated?

A

Beta 1:
- increase heart rate and contactility

Beta 2:

  • dilates bronchial smooth muscle tissue
  • dilates vascular smooth muscle
  • glycogenolysis in liver
  • relaxes smooth muscle
  • relaxes uterus
27
Q

What drugs are beta receptor agonists?

A
  • Salbutamol (B2)
  • Isoprenaline (B1 & B2)
  • Low concentration Adrenaline
28
Q

What are the effects of beta receptor agonists?

A
  • (B2) reduce total vascular resistance = reduce BP

- (B1) Increase HR and CO - slight increase BP

29
Q

What are Sympathomimetics?

A

Drugs which act as agonists on receptors of the sympathetic NS

  • NA
  • Adrenalin
  • Dopamine
  • Isoproterolol
30
Q

Noradrenaline works mostly on which receptors?

A

Alpha receptors

31
Q

adrenaline works mostly on which receptors?

A

Beta receptors

32
Q

Where (what receptors) is isoprenaline more potent?

A

Beta receptors

Little effect on alpha

33
Q

What are the clinical use of non-selective agonists?

A
  • Cardiac arrest
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Croup
  • Hypotension
34
Q

Define Sympathomimetic drugs

A

are stimulant compounds which mimic the effect of endogenous agonists of the SNS

35
Q

What do amphetamines do?

A

taken up into the presynaptic cell (and storage vesicle) which displaces endogenous NA

36
Q

How does cocaine work?

A

inihibits uptake of NA into the presynaptic cell.

37
Q

What are sympatholytic drugs?

A

opposes the downstream effects of postganglionic nerve firing in effector organs innervated by the SNS

38
Q

What do alpha blockers do?

A

Reduce BP as vasodilators?

39
Q

What do Beta blockers do?

A

treat tachycardia, arrythmia, hypertension and force of contraction

  • decrease HR and BP
40
Q

What receptor sites should be targeted for cardiac irregularities?

A

Beta receptors

41
Q

What receptor sites should be targeted for Blood pressure?

A

Alpha receptors

42
Q

What are drugs of NS used by AV ALS

A
  • Adrenaline
  • Salbutamol
  • Ipratropium Bromide
43
Q

What receptors does adrenaline work on?

A

Beta 1 & 2, a little bit on alpha agonist

44
Q

What receptors does salbutamol work on?

A

selective Beta 2 agonist

45
Q

What receptors does Ipratropium Bromide work on?

A

mAChr antagonist

antagonises the parasympathetic NS

46
Q

What are drugs of NS used by AV MICA

A
  • Suxamethonium
  • Rocuronium
  • Atropine
  • Noradrenaline
47
Q

What receptors does Suxamethonium work on?

A

depolarising blackade, nAChR NMJ

48
Q

What receptors does Rocuronium work on?

A

Non depolarising competitive antagonist, nAChr antagonist

49
Q

What receptors does Atropine work on?

A

mACHr antagonist

50
Q

What receptors does Noradrenaline work on?

A

alpha (and slight beta 1) agonist

PAR2031 - Pharmacology (13 decks)

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