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PAR2031 - Pharmacology > Week 11 > Flashcards

Week 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 most commonly used non-therapeutic drugs in western society?

A
  • nicotine
  • caffeine
  • ethanol
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2
Q

What are the different aspects/effetcs of drug abuse?

PROBS IMPORTANT

A
  • Intoxication (accidents, injuries, aggression, legal problems, self harm)
  • Regular use (health problems, financial problems, work related issues, interpersonal - family friends etc)
  • Dependence (physical withdrawal, isolation, housing problems, financial and work problems, health problems)
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3
Q

When does a drug (drug abuse) become a problem

A
  • the need for the drug becomes so persistent that it dominates the lifestyle of the individual and damages his/her quality of life
  • The habit itself causes harm to the individual or community
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4
Q

What are some examples of individual harm due to drug abuse?

A

Individual harm
- high risk of infection by poor practice
- Pathological processes associated with chronic use
- Nasal seotum issues with cocaine
- CVS issues with injecting
Oral issues with inhalational drugs
- Respiratory arrest with narcotics

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5
Q

What types of societal harm occur from drug abuse?

A
  • Criminal activity to finance drug habit

- effect of dependence can impact society in a number of ways

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6
Q

What are some risk factors of health care professionals in relation to drug abuse?

A

Stress

  • high stress work, exposure to trauma
  • organisational stress
  • shift work
  • disrupted sleep patterns
  • undeveloped opportunities for debriefing, reflection and peer supervision
  • access to drugs
  • fear of ramifications
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7
Q

Why do people use drugs?

A

drugs occur as a maladaptive coping machanism

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8
Q

What are the three most important predictors of drug abuse?

A
  • rebelliousness
  • tolerance of deviance
  • low school performance
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9
Q

What is drug dependence?

A

The human condition in which drug taking becomes compulsive, taking precedence over other needs, often with serious adverse consequences

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10
Q

Why are psychoactive drugs addictive?

A
  • they produce rewarding effects
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11
Q

What is addiction associated with?

A

Positive reinforcement

  • addictive qualities of drug depend on nature of drug and context in which administered.
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12
Q

What is psychological dependence?

A

behavioural pattern characterised by out-of-control cravings for the pleasure of a drugs effects, denial of excessive drug use and continued use despite personal difficulties

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13
Q

How can social dependence influence drug abuse?

A

social dependence can lead to substance abuse

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14
Q

What is physical dependence?

A

Intense physical disturbances brought about when administration of the drug is withheld

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15
Q

What is drug tolerance?

A

The decrease in pharmacological effect on repeated administration of the drug

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16
Q

What is tachyphylaxis?

ON EXAM!

A

A rapidly diminishing response to successive doses of a drug, rendering it less effective

17
Q

How does reward and drug addiction work?

A

Positive reinforcement
- rewards

Negative reinforcement
- withdrawals and abstinence syndrome

18
Q

What causes the reinforcing effects and psychological dependence of drugs?

A

increased dopamine release in brain

  • addictive drugs increase dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens
  • The nucleus accumbens is involved in motivation reward and positive reinforcement
19
Q

what is the role of dopamine in the brain?

A

Behaviour
(social interaction/energy/reward/reinforce ent/appetite suppression/psychosis/delusions)

Fine motor control
(agitation/increase motor activity)

20
Q

What dependence is negative reinforcement associated with?

A

Physical dependence and withdrawal

21
Q

What dependence is positive reinforcement associated with?

A

psychological dependence

22
Q

What are common drugs of abuse?

A
  • Opioids
  • CNS depressants
  • CNS stimulants
  • Psychotomimetics or hallucinogens
23
Q

What are some Drugs in sport

A
  • anabolic steroids
  • sympathomimetics
  • stimulants
  • narcotics
  • analgesics
  • diuretics
  • anti-hypertensives
24
Q

What else do opioid analgesics do besides relieve pain?

A
  • Change or elevate mood
  • relieve tension, fear and anxiety
  • produce feelings of peace, euphoria and tranquility, drowsiness and lethargy
  • decreased BP
  • Respiratory depression
  • Fixed pinpoint pupils
25
Q

What are the 3 type of receptors for opioids?

A
  • mu receptors
  • delata
  • kappa - Fentanyl less kappa effect
26
Q

What effects do the mu, kappa and delta receptors have in regards to opioids?

A

Mu - most of the major effects of opioids such as analgesic, cough suppression, respiratory depression, dependence, sedation and euphoria

delta - contribute to analgesic effects of opioids

kappa - contribute to analgesic effects of opioids

27
Q

What does morphine mimic?

A

the effects of endogenous opioids

  • endorphins
  • enkephalins
28
Q

What are endogenous opioids?

A

Small peptides (neuropeptide transmitter) released from nearby neurons

29
Q

What are some CNS depressants?

A
  • Benzodiazepines
  • barbiturates
  • anaesthetics agents
  • inhalational solvents
  • alcohol
30
Q

What are the effects of CNS depressants?

A
  • Depression of CNS
  • Drowsiness
  • Confusion
  • Disinhibition
  • Impaired coordination and judgement
  • Decreased BP and RR
31
Q

What can happen with recurrent use of CNS stimulants?

A
  • increase anxiety and paranoia

- and depressants can be used to control these symptoms

32
Q

List the pharmakokinetics of alcohol

A
  • very water soluble
  • small size means easily crosses lipid membranes
  • Crosses BBB
  • Absorbed in stomach but mostly in small intestine
  • 90% is metabolised in lover
  • rest excreted by lungs and sweat and kidneys
33
Q

What are the two main enzymes used for metabolising alcohol?

A
  • Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

- Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)

34
Q

List some pharmacodynamics of alcohol?

A
  • CNS depressant
  • Enhances GABA-A
  • Stimulates 5-HT3 receptors
  • Inhibits NMDA excitatory amino acid receptor
  • Opioid effects
35
Q

How does alcohol affect the brain?

A

Frontal lobe
- loss of reason, caution and inhibitions

Parietal lobe
- loss of fine motor skills, slower reaction time

Temporal lobe
- originates the slurred speech

Occipital lobe
- Blurred vision and distance judgement

Brain stem
- vital functions if effected

36
Q

What are the 3 triads of symptoms of serotonin syndrome?

A
  • Autonomic instability
  • Neuromuscular hyperactivity
  • Mental status changes
37
Q

What are some pharmacological effects of MDMA?

A
  • increased HR & BP
  • apetitie loss
  • trismus
  • headaches
  • hyperthermia/ dehydration/ hyponatremia
38
Q

What is tachyphylaxis?

A

A rapidly diminishing response to successive doses of a drug, rendering it less effective

PAR2031 - Pharmacology (13 decks)

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